Human papilloma viruses (HPV) are deoxyribonucleic acid viruses that are widely found in nature. The prevalence of HPV infection in humans is high, ranging from less than 1% to as high as 50% in natural populations and up to 20%-80%+ in sexually active populations, according to foreign reports. So far, more than 150 HPV subtypes have been identified, most of which are low-risk and can only cause benign lesions in the skin and mucous membranes, while high-risk HPV and a few intermediate HPV types can cause malignant lesions, and at least 27 HPV subtypes have cancer-causing potential and can cause various malignant tumors. Clinically, the most important ones are HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 38 and other 8 subtypes, which are the main HPV subtypes causing extra-anal genital condyloma and cervical lesions (including cervical cancer). It is now clear that 90% of cervical cancers are caused by persistent HPV infection, among which, the infection rate of HPV16 is 40-60% and that of HPV18 is 10-20%, indicating that HPV16 is the most common HPV subtype causing cancer. It has also been found that the HPV subtypes causing cervical cancer vary in different regions of the world, with HPV16 and 18 in most regions and HPV58 in Asia. Among cervical cancer cases in China, HPV infection is dominated by HPV 16 and 58, and the findings show that HPV 16 is most closely related to cervical squamous cancer, while HPV 18 is most likely to cause cervical adenocarcinoma. Although persistent HPV infection, especially high-risk HPV, is an important causative factor for cervical cancer, it is not a sufficient condition to cause cancer. Most women with HPV infection can subside on their own, only 5-10% develop into persistent infection, and only 2-3% of HPV infection eventually develop into cervical cancer. It is the synergistic effect of these multiple risk factors and HPV that leads to the continued progression of cervical lesions; these risk factors include: sexual misconduct, sexually transmitted diseases, viral infections, cervical erosion, circumcision, smoking, etc. In summary, they can be divided into three main categories, behavior-related factors, such as early sexual life, sexual disorders, oral contraceptives, poor sexual hygiene habits, multiple pregnancies and births, smoking, underground socioeconomic status, malnutrition and sexual confusion of spouses; the high rate of HPV infection also depends mainly on the age and sexual habits of the population, with the highest rate of HPV infection in sexually active young women, with a peak age of 18-20 years Therefore, the earlier you have sex, the greater the chance of HPV infection. Biological factors, such as infection by various microorganisms like bacteria, virus, chlamydia, etc.; genetic susceptibility, recent studies have found that there is family aggregation of cervical cancer in the population, suggesting that the development is related to genetic susceptibility. The development of cervical cancer is a continuous development process from quantitative to qualitative and gradual to mutation. These precursor lesions can exist for many years, usually about 10 years, while high-risk HPV infection usually lasts for 8-24 months to develop cervical precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer can occur in about 10 years on average. Cervical cancer has a series of precursor lesions, pathologically known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), which are usually classified into three levels according to their severity: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN I), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN II), and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN III). CIN III can be considered as precancerous, i.e. it has the potential to develop into cervical invasive cancer. If diagnosed at the precancerous stage, it can be further treated or monitored. Therefore, abnormal changes in the cervix can be detected early through screening or regular gynecological examinations, leading to early diagnosis and treatment and reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical invasive cancer. In clinical practice, when patients are diagnosed with: atypical squamous cells, ASCUS, low grade cervical intraepithelial lesions, i.e. CIN I and high grade cervical intraepithelial lesions, i.e. CINII and CINIII, HPV testing is instructive for further management. While TCT is an important tool to screen for cervical cancer, HPV screening has also become an important method to assist in cervical cancer screening in recent years. The vast majority of HPV infections can be cleared within a few months to 2 years. In a 5-year follow-up study, it was found that the natural clearance rate of HPV infection reached 92%, so patients who are HPV positive need not worry too much and do not need frequent HPV retesting, which is usually done in 8-12 months. Also, HPV testing has a predictive effect on the prognosis of cervical cancer. Some studies have reported that the cumulative 5-year survival rate for HPV-negative cervical cancer is 100%, while the 5-year survival rate for HPV-positive patients is only 50%. In conclusion, persistent high-risk HPV infection is a necessary condition for cervical cancer. If we can prevent and detect cervical cancer at an early stage by strengthening the knowledge of cervical cancer during precancerous period, regular gynecological examination, screening TCT, and if necessary with high-risk HPV testing, we can achieve the purpose of prevention and early detection of cervical cancer.