In recent years, several large randomized controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that adult male circumcision is effective in reducing sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). High-risk human papillomaviruses (e.g., HPV 16, 18, etc.) are the causative agents of cervical cancer. HPV infection has been shown to be a necessary factor for cervical cancer and precancerous lesions in men who do not show clinical symptoms but transmit it to women. A report completed by multinational scholars in 1,913 couples in Europe, the United States and Asia showed that the prevalence of HPV infection in uncircumcised men was 19.6% compared to 5.5% in circumcised men, a 72% reduction in infection rate and a corresponding reduction in the incidence of cervical cancer in spouses. U.S. researchers studied students at the University of Hawaii and found that the HPV detection rate in the penile head and coronal sulcus was 46% in 299 uncircumcised men and 44% in the foreskin, while the HPV detection rate in the penile head and coronal sulcus was only 29% in 80 circumcised men. In particular, the detection rate of high-risk HPV types (such as HPV16 and 18) was 31% among uncircumcised men, compared with 16% among circumcised men.