N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA receptors) are an important class of excitatory amino acid receptors in the central nervous system. NMDA receptors not only play an important physiological role in the development of the nervous system, but also play a key role in the formation of neuronal circuits that shape human judgment, perception, interpersonal interactions, and control of nonconscious behavior. Most importantly, NMDA receptors constitute a critical class of receptors in learning and memory processes. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a type of disease caused by the abnormal activation of the body’s autoimmunity and the production of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies that attack the brain’s NMDA receptors.