Kidney cancer, also known as renal cell carcinoma, is the most common malignant tumor of adult kidney, and its incidence accounts for about 2%-3% of adult malignant tumors, and is one of the common malignant tumors of the urinary system. Kidney cancer lacks specific clinical manifestations in early stage, and if hematuria, pain and masses appear, its lesion is already in the middle and late stage, and the preferred treatment method is radical nephrectomy. With the rapid development of tumor imaging, especially with the continuous development of multi-layer spiral CT, the early detection rate and correct diagnosis rate of kidney cancer have been greatly improved. At present, surgical resection is still the only effective means for limited RCC and is the gold standard for the treatment of kidney cancer. Renal unit preserving surgery is a surgical procedure for the treatment of kidney cancer, characterized by maximum preservation of functional renal units, and it includes partial nephrectomy, wedge nephrectomy and tumor enucleation. With Vincenz Czerny’s 1st application of partial nephrectomy in the treatment of renal tumors, Vermooten established the modern concept of NSS in 1950. From 1981 onwards with the development of renal thermal ischemic block technique, cold ischemic block technique and early renal cancer detection technique, its contribution to the worldwide application of partial nephrectomy was significant. After the 1980s, the NSS technique gradually matured and was widely performed worldwide, and its clinical efficacy was gradually recognized. Partial nephrectomy maximizes the preservation of the renal unit while treating the tumor. Partial nephrectomy has achieved the same treatment results as radical nephrectomy, and the overall survival rate may be better than that of radical surgery. Renal insufficiency is twice as common with radical nephrectomy as with partial nephrectomy (22.4% vs. 11.6%). Studies have shown that the 5-year tumor-specific survival rate for elective partial nephrectomy is 94.4%-100%, and the 10-year tumor-specific survival rate is 92%-96.7%. With the continuous development of diagnostic testing techniques and the increase of post-NSS renal function testing techniques for kidney cancer patients, more arguments will emerge to confirm the value and feasibility of NSS surgery. This not only helps clinicians to make a comprehensive assessment of kidney cancer and develop the best treatment plan, but also reduces the threat to patients’ lives due to post-radical resection complications. Therefore: with this report, the value and feasibility of NSS surgery in clinical practice is reinforced. Preserved renal unit surgery (NSS) can better preserve renal function; it can reduce the risk of overtreatment in benign and clinically inert tumors. However, NSS for renal cell carcinoma is still not widely used, especially in non-teaching hospitals. In recent years, a growing number of clinical studies have suggested that preserving the renal unit reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events compared to radical nephrectomy (RN). Nephrectomy (NSS), which has the same efficacy as radical nephrectomy, can be performed via open surgery or laparoscopic surgery. Patients need to choose according to their disease progression, combined with the various indications for NSS, but they need to understand the potential risk of recurrence after this procedure before surgery, and the mortality rate of NSS is 1% to 2%. indications for NSS: nephrocalcinosis occurs in patients with anatomic or functional isolated kidney, radical nephrectomy will lead to renal insufficiency or uremia, such as congenital isolated kidney, contralateral NSS relative indications: patients with certain benign diseases in the contralateral kidney of kidney cancer, such as kidney stones, chronic pyelonephritis or other diseases that may lead to deterioration of kidney function (e.g. hypertension, diabetes, narrow renal artery, etc.). optional indications for NSS: clinical stage T1a (tumor ≤100px), tumor located in the periphery of the kidney, solitary It should be noted that there is no specific limitation of tumor size for NSS indications and relative indications.