1.What is hemangioma? Hemangioma is the most common congenital vascular lesion in infants and children, and is also a common and frequent disease in plastic surgery. It is a kind of tumor that occurs in vascular tissues and is formed by misconfiguration, malformation or tumor-like proliferation of vascular tissues. Most of them are benign tumors, while a very small number of them, such as hemangioendothelioma, hemangiosarcoma and hemangioblastoma, are malignant tumors, accounting for about 2-4%. Hemangioma can occur in various parts of human body, such as face and neck, extremities, chest and abdomen, and other body parts such as brain and liver. 2.What is the new and old classification of hemangioma? Traditionally, congenital vascular lesions were collectively called “hemangioma” and were classified into capillary hemangioma, cavernous hemangioma, trapezius hemangioma and mixed hemangioma according to their clinical manifestations. As the research on “hemangioma” has intensified, many researchers at home and abroad have begun to conduct in-depth and systematic studies on the etiology, pathology, embryological factors, hemodynamic changes and treatment of various “hemangiomas”. American physicians such as Mulliken were the first to propose a new classification for the diagnosis of “hemangioma” in the international arena, which divides congenital vascular lesions into two categories: hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Vascular malformations can be divided into capillary malformations, venous malformations, lymphatic malformations, arteriovenous malformations and compound vascular malformations according to their specific clinical manifestations. 3.What is the correspondence between the old and new classification? (1) Capillary hemangioma in the old classification is called capillary malformation in the new classification, and in some cases it is called hemangioma; (2) Red birthmark, traditionally called wine spot or nevus, is called capillary malformation in the new classification; (3) Cavernous hemangioma in the old classification is called venous malformation or complex vascular malformation in the new classification, and in some cases it is called hemangioma; (4) Cavernous hemangioma in the old classification is called venous malformation or complex vascular malformation in the new classification. (4) Trapezius hemangioma in the old classification is called arteriovenous malformation in the new classification; (5) Strawberry hemangioma in the old classification is called hemangioma in the new classification, and these hemangiomas often resolve spontaneously; (6) Mixed hemangioma in the old classification is called complex vascular malformation in the new classification; (7) Lymphangioleioma in the old classification is called lymphangioleioma in the new classification. (7) Lymphangioleioma in the old classification is called lymphangioid malformation in the new classification. 4.What are the advantages of the new classification? (1) The new classification can clearly distinguish between hemangioma and vascular malformation in terms of tissue structure. (1) The new classification can clearly distinguish between hemangioma and vascular malformation in terms of histological structure. Hemangioma is characterized by the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and is an embryonic vascular tumor, and some of them can regress spontaneously, while vascular malformation is an abnormal expansion and communication of capillaries, veins, lymphatic vessels and arteries with the tissue structure and biological characteristics of normal vascular endothelial cells, and vascular malformation never regresses. (2) The new classification method can differentiate between hemangioma and vascular malformation in treatment. Since degenerative hemangiomas can regress on their own, hemangiomas allow limited dynamic observation and avoid active treatment to maintain healthy tissue function and appearance, while vascular malformations should be treated aggressively because they never regress. Although the new classification has the above-mentioned advantages, most clinicians still use the old classification, therefore, the following description still follows the old classification, and congenital vascular lesions are described collectively as “hemangioma”. 5.What are the causes of hemangioma? The causes of hemangioma have not yet been determined, but the following factors can be identified: (1) genetic factors, (2) environmental factors, (3) drug factors, and (4) trauma factors. The above factors lead to abnormal expansion and proliferation of the vascular network in the embryo within 3 months to form hemangioma. 6.What are the clinical manifestations of hemangioma? The main clinical manifestations of hemangioma include: masses of blood vessels and surrounding tissues, red or bright red or dark red or cyanotic color, high local skin temperature, rich local blood flow or vascular murmur, misalignment or destruction of adjacent tissues and organs by compression, and the size of the tumor may change with body position, etc. 7.What are the hazards of hemangioma? The common hazards of hemangioma include bleeding, infection, ulceration, compression and destruction of neighboring tissues and organs, and may affect the appearance, morphological function of neighboring tissues and organs, and human growth and development. 8.What are the examination and diagnosis methods of hemangioma? The common examination and diagnosis methods for hemangioma are: (1) skin temperature measurement; (2) blood flow measurement; (3) X-ray examination; (4) color ultrasound examination; (5) CT examination; (6) MRI examination; (7) angiography examination; (8) puncture or pathological section examination. 9.What are the common treatment methods for hemangioma? Since hemangioma is very destructive and causes destruction of appearance or adjacent tissues and organs, hemangioma needs to be treated actively, but due to the complexity and recurrence of hemangioma, there is no special treatment method yet. Domestic and foreign experts engaged in hemangioma research have achieved certain therapeutic effects after years of exploration, and the more commonly used treatment methods are: (1) surgical resection treatment; (2) local injection treatment; (3) laser treatment; (4) oral drug treatment; (5) interventional embolization treatment; (6) copper needle treatment; (7) photodynamic treatment; (8) copper steam treatment; (9) radioisotope dressing treatment; (10) cryotherapy. ; (10) Cryotherapy. All of the above treatment methods have their indications, but surgical resection is the most complete and thorough treatment, so patients with surgical resection of hemangioma are better off with surgical resection. 10.What should patients with hemangioma pay attention to? Patients with hemangioma must pay attention to the following points: (1) avoid strenuous exercise; (2) avoid external force, especially sharp objects hitting the tumor; (3) avoid large emotional fluctuations; (4) avoid spicy, strong alcohol and other irritating and idiopathic food; (5) prevent rupture and bleeding of the tumor.