Pneumothorax is the accumulation of gas in the pleural cavity causing lung atrophy, which is divided into: spontaneous pneumothorax, traumatic pneumothorax and medically induced pneumothorax according to the cause. Spontaneous pneumothorax is further divided into two types: primary and secondary. The former refers to patients with no known lung disease, while the latter refers to patients with clinical or radiographic evidence of lung disease. The most common cause of primary spontaneous pneumothorax is the rupture of a small subpleural pneumothorax, which can occur at rest or during exercise and is common in young men with a thin and tall smoking habit and a certain family tendency. Less than 10% of patients can have bilateral pneumothorax and about 25% can have recurrence. The chance of having a third pneumothorax after a second pneumothorax on the same side is more than 50%. The clinical presentation correlates with the degree of pulmonary atrophy, with the majority presenting with acute chest pain and dyspnea. Tension pneumothorax may develop in 2-3% of patients, and hemothorax may develop in 5% of patients, which may be life-threatening. Treatment and recurrence rate Observation 30% Chest puncture 20-25% Closed drainage 20-30% Intra-thoracic injection of tetracycline 20-25% Intra-thoracic injection of talcum powder 7% Surgery 2% Surgical method Nowadays, thoracoscopic surgery is generally used, in which three small incisions of about 1.5CM long are made in the affected thorax to remove the pulmonary blister and rub the pleura to occlude the pleural cavity, which is less traumatic and more effective. Indications for surgery First attack Persistent air leak Lungs cannot be reopened Bilateral pneumothorax Hemopneumothorax Lack of medical facilities Tension pneumothorax Combined with solitary pulmonary blister Second attack Ipsilateral recurrence Pneumothorax occurs on the opposite side Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax can be secondary to a variety of diseases, and the treatment and efficacy depend on the underlying lung disease.