Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a serious blinding eye disease that occurs in preterm infants and is characterized by abnormal proliferation of retinal vessels and fibers, and eventually blindness due to retinal detachment. The incidence of ROP has increased significantly in recent years as the survival rate of premature infants has improved, and it has become the leading cause of childhood blindness. The smaller the gestational age and weight, the higher the incidence. The exact etiology of ROP is still not clear, but the main risk factors are: prematurity, low birth weight, and irregular oxygen therapy. Other factors associated with the development of ROP: anemia, low PaCO2, acidosis, hyperbilirubinemia, hypernatremia, hypoglycemia, sepsis, application of xanthine drugs, etc. ROP does not occur in all oxygenated preterm low birth weight infants. Retinopathy of prematurity can develop as early as about 2 weeks after birth, and most of them develop 4-6 weeks after birth. Signs of retinopathy of prematurity Early stage: posterior arterioles in the avascular zone are dilated, tortuous, and bristle-like with increased branching. Stage 1: The line of demarcation between the avascular zone and the avascular zone appears, and the line of demarcation is not elevated. Stage 2: crest-like elevation of the demarcation line. Stage 3: Neovascularization is seen on and behind the crest-like demarcation line, which may be accompanied by fiber proliferation. Stage 4: partial retinal detachment: type A without macular detachment, type B macular detachment. Stage 5: total retinal detachment. V. How to detect retinopathy of prematurity at an early stage? Early detection is the key to early treatment and prevention of blindness. At present, early detection of this disease can only be achieved through regular fundus examination. For this reason, each hospital has established a regular screening system for retinopathy of prematurity, and parents are advised to cooperate with physicians in this work to reduce the blindness rate of preterm infants. Retinopathy of prematurity treatment Preferred treatment method: laser photocoagulation. Intraocular injection is indicated for: severe retinopathy of prematurity and acute posterior retinopathy of prematurity. Only vitreoretinal surgery is an option for stage 4 and 5 patients.