Thyroid cancer is divided into papillary, follicular, medullary, and undifferentiated carcinomas, with increasing malignancy, and papillary carcinoma is the most common and most likely to have lymph node metastases. Except for undifferentiated carcinoma, other types are not sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and mainly rely on surgery. It can be treated by lobe and isthmus resection combined with lymph node dissection in the neck. Papillary thyroid cancer and follicular carcinoma should be treated with thyroxine after surgery to maintain thyroid function and prevent recurrence. For papillary and follicular carcinoma with distant metastasis, postoperative iodine therapy is feasible. However, for thyroid cancer with lymph node metastasis only, the need for iodine therapy remains controversial.