I. Overview Hydrocephalus is an increase in the intracranial cerebrospinal fluid stock due to excessive secretion or (and) impaired circulation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid caused by intracranial diseases or craniocerebral trauma. In clinical pediatric patients, enlarged head, enlarged fontanelle, tense fullness, incompatible healing of cranial sutures, sunset eyes, vomiting, convulsions, language and motor disorders, and mental retardation are seen; in adults, intermittent headache, head swelling, head sinking, dizziness, tinnitus and ear blockage, decreased vision, and limb weakness are seen. The typical triad of symptoms: mental and memory loss + unstable walking + incontinence, this triad of symptoms is not necessary for all patients and should be analyzed differently. Clinical manifestations and signs Hydrocephalus is mainly manifested as a rapid and progressive enlargement of the infant’s head a few weeks or months after birth. The sick infant is depressed and cannot lift the head. In severe cases, it may be accompanied by brain dysfunction, manifested as epilepsy, visual and olfactory impairment, nystagmus, strabismus, limb paralysis and intellectual impairment, etc. In adults, intermittent headache, head swelling, head sinking, dizziness, tinnitus and ear blockage, loss of vision, and weakness of limbs are mostly seen. Patients with trauma or cranial surgery show delayed awakening and increased tension in the local skull defect area. Clinical examination 1.CT examination shows enlargement of cranial cavity, thinning of skull, separation of cranial suture and enlargement of fontanelle (for children); adults can see obvious enlargement of each ventricle. 2, lumbar puncture lateral ventricle injection of neutral phenol red 1m1, 2 to 12 minutes to do lumbar puncture, CSF visible phenol red, suggesting non-obstructive hydrocephalus. If 20 minutes CSF is still not seen phenol red, suggesting that the obstructive hydrocephalus (most of the current imaging can correctly diagnose, this method is only a supplementary diagnostic method, be alert to the operation process of brain herniation death). 3.Ventriculography Slowly inject filtered oxygen into the ventricles, then do X-ray examination, you can observe the enlargement of the ventricles and the thinning of the cerebral cortex. If the thickness of the cerebral cortex is more than 2 cm and the hydrocephalus can be lifted, it indicates that the patient can expect to recover his intelligence. Ventriculography may also help to identify the site of obstruction or to detect intracranial tumors. Ventriculography with gas or water-soluble iodine can show the morphology and size of the ventricular system, as well as the thickness of the cerebral cortex; (most of the current imaging examinations can correctly diagnose, this method is only a supplementary diagnostic method) 4. 2D ultrasonography of the head can see no displacement of the brain midline waves, and the ventricular system is enlarged (most of the current imaging examinations can correctly diagnose, this method is eliminated) 5. Sometimes the cause of hydrocephalus can be detected, such as occupying lesions in the conduit area. Non-surgical treatment is suitable for those who have early or mild disease and slow development, and the method: apply diuretics or dehydrating agents, such as acetazolamide, dihydrocoumarin, tachyphylaxis, mannitol, etc. Repeated puncture and release of fluid via the anterior chimney or lumbar spine (for pediatric patients). 2.Surgical treatment For severe hydrocephalus, low intelligence has been blinded, paralysis, and the brain parenchyma is obviously atrophied, the thickness of cerebral cortex is less than 1cm, are not suitable for surgery. Surgical treatment is available for those with progressive hydrocephalus, significantly enlarged skull, and cerebral cortex thickness more than 1cm. 3.Minimally invasive shunt The most popular treatment for hydrocephalus is ventriculo-abdominal shunt, also called minimally invasive shunt, and is considered to be one of the more effective treatments. Minimally invasive shunts apply new minimally invasive surgical techniques to ventriculo-abdominal shunts, which have many advantages such as less trauma, less disturbance to the abdominal cavity, reduction of abdominal adhesions or even the ability to release minor abdominal adhesions, inconspicuous and hidden postoperative scars, less pain and faster recovery. After the operation, all the symptoms such as unconsciousness and gibberish disappear, and the quality of life can be greatly improved and enhanced.