HPV infection is the main culprit of cervical cancer and its precancerous lesions, especially the high-risk HPV infection. In the past 40 years, the application of cervical cytology and HPV infection screening has enabled early detection and treatment of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions, and the incidence and mortality rate of cervical cancer have been significantly reduced. Currently, cervical cancer is the only preventable cancer in the world. However, the lag in early detection and early diagnosis of cervical cancer and its precancerous lesions is still a bottleneck factor that restricts the further development of cervical cancer prevention. Clinically, early symptoms of cervical cancer are insidious, and most patients are already in the middle and late stages when diagnosed. Therefore, early and regular screening for cervical cytology and HPV infection has an extremely important role. In fact, the occurrence of cervical cancer can be prevented by interventional treatment of precancerous lesions detected at an early stage. Therefore, those who have one of the following high-risk factors should go to hospital for specialist examination: 1. those who have low age of first sexual intercourse; 2. those who give birth early or have multiple births; 3. those who have multiple sexual partners; 4. those whose male partners have long foreskin, suffer from genital herpes and other sexually transmitted diseases.