Cervical cancer is the second most common gynecologic malignancy after breast cancer, affecting approximately 500,000 women worldwide each year and causing approximately 250,000 deaths from cervical cancer each year. Epidemiological studies have shown that HPV is necessary for the development of cervical cancer. persistent infection with HPV, especially high-risk HPV, is associated with malignancy, even though high-risk HPV infection is not sufficient by itself to cause cancer, but requires the synergy of other factors, such as family genetic history (oncogene carriage), combined herpes simplex virus or cytomegalovirus infection, low immune status of the body, radioactive radiation, long-term oral contraceptive use, multiple sexual partners, poor sexual hygiene, early sexual debut (<10 years), early age of delivery, high number of deliveries, male circumcision, smoking, etc. So, just having a transient HPV infection, even if it is a high-risk HPV infection, without the joint participation of other synergistic factors, the possibility of getting cervical cancer is not very high; however, if it is a persistent high-risk HPV infection with some synergistic factors mentioned above, the chance of getting cervical cancer will be greatly increased. Therefore, we should not equate HPV infection with cervical cancer!