Children are the future and hope of our country, and they account for about 1/3 of our population, or 300-400 million children, whose physical and mental health is directly related to the quality of the nation and the future of the country. the 21st century requires children to have not only a healthy body, but also a smart mind to become the pillars of the new century. Therefore, in a sense, the work of eugenics, eugenics and eugenics is also a cross-century project.
Definition of child health care: Child health care is to try to eliminate the harm of diseases and pathogenic factors to children, and to try to guarantee and promote children to obtain comprehensive development of physical, mental and social abilities.
I. Recurrent respiratory infections and immunotherapy in children
Definition of RRI: Recurrent respiratory infection (RRI) is a common infectious disease among children, which refers to the occurrence of upper and lower respiratory tract infections too frequently within a year, mainly because children are in the growth and development period, their own respiratory system and immune system are not yet well developed, and their ability to resist pathogenic attack and resist disease is weak, too many respiratory tract infections are pathological and require comprehensive treatment.
Etiological mechanism of pediatric susceptibility to RRI
1.Organismal factors.
The anatomical and physiological characteristics of the respiratory tract and the imperfect development of immune function in children are prone to defects, especially in infants and young children, which can be manifested as relatively poor immune cell function, low phagocytosis, and low levels of anti-infective substances such as lysozyme, lactoferrin, complement and interferon in respiratory secretions.
2. Disease factors.
RRI is more likely to occur when there is malnutrition, rickets, anemia, and micronutrient deficiency.
3, environmental factors.
Climate change, environmental pollution, passive smoking, feeding methods (artificial, milk feeding), asphyxia at birth, meconium aspiration pneumonia or a history of severe pneumonia can promote RRI. lack of ability to adapt to the external environment is also an important factor, at present, we have better living conditions, infants create a greenhouse at birth, once to kindergarten, school, increased outdoor activities, respiratory infections, and so on. Parents create more greenhouse environment; poorer ability to adapt to the environment; more likely to have repeated respiratory infections, forming a vicious circle.
4. Certain immunodeficiencies.
Studies have shown that: serum IgA and IgG levels are lower in children with RRI than in normal children, and salivary SIgA is lower than in healthy children; peripheral blood T-cell subpopulation CD3 and CD4 percentages, CD4+/CD8+ ratio and lymphocyte proliferation function are lower than in normal controls. It was also reported that NK cell activity was significantly lower in children with RRI than in normal children.
In conclusion, children with RRI; with defective T-cell function; with defective NK-cell activity and impaired neutrophil chemotaxis in children with impaired macrophage chemotaxis and phagocytosis; and in children with T-cells that did not respond to PHA stimulation. It is evident that children with RRI generally have a partial or total immune deficiency.
Treatment principles of RRI
1. Strengthen exercise and physical fitness. Reasonable arrangement of outdoor activities, with special emphasis on strengthening the exercise of the ability to adapt to the environment.
2.Rational and balanced diet, prevention and treatment of various vitamin and trace element deficiencies, with special emphasis on prevention and treatment of vitamin A, vitamin D and calcium, zinc and iron deficiencies.
3, to create a scientific living environment, good personal hygiene habits, frequent indoor ventilation, reasonable use of air conditioning equipment.
4, strengthen immunotherapy.
(1) preventive vaccination.
(2) Appropriate supplementation of antibodies, such as colostrum.
(3) Treatment with appropriate immunomodulators under the guidance of doctors.
Immunotherapy of RRI
1. Immunomodulatory drugs commonly used in clinical practice
(1) biological agents interferon, BCG vaccine (inactivated nucleic acid vaccine preparation), immunoglobulin (human blood, placenta), thymidine, immune ribonucleic acid (extracted from the lymphocytes of sensitized animals), nuclear celluloid (inducing the body to produce interferon), transfer factor, etc.
(2) Bacterial vaccine asthma vaccine (containing A chain, white glucose, Neisseria), Bistin (lysate extracted from Klebsiella pneumoniae), lamivudine (pulmonary double, A group chemistry chain, gold glucose, influenza and Klebsiella); Panfosol (containing Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella, gold glucose, chemistry chain grass green chain Cataplasma boulangerum).
(3) Polysaccharides: Kadoxu (stimulates thymus function), shiitake mushroom polysaccharide (enhances spleen and abdominal NK cell activity and induces -INF production), porcine polysaccharide (extracted from Chinese herbal medicine porcine, which enhances lymphocyte transformation and macrophage function), placental lipopolysaccharide (enhances cellular and humoral immunity), Mycobacterium polysaccharide.
(4) Chemical agents: levamisole, pidomod (Vancian).
(5) Chinese medicinal preparations: Fangfengtongshun, Jianbao Combination (Astragalus, Prince’s ginseng), compound astragalus syrup, astragalus essence, spleen kexin (white lentil, yam, chicken internal medicine, atractylodes, mullein, Chuanbei, artificial oxalis, sodium bicarbonate).
Throughout the above drugs, most of them are used as stimulants or modulators of immune response, which are non-specific to improve the efficacy of anti-infective immune response, unlike specific vaccines that have prevention against certain pathogens or special antibodies that neutralize and induce killing of certain pathogens. All of them can enhance patients’ own anti-infection immune response ability with different pharmacological mechanisms and different degrees to achieve therapeutic effects.
2, new peptide immune promoter, pidomod compared with other immune preparations, pidomod has some characteristics as follows.
(1) can be taken orally, very convenient: avoid the pain and inconvenience caused by injection, good therapeutic compliance and high bioavailability.
(2) Chemically synthesized, with a clear structure and well-defined pharmacokinetics; chemically synthesized from two amino acids.
(3) Specially efficient pidomod various chronic infections, recurrent respiratory tract infections patients commonly have low phagocytosis. Oral administration of pidomod can rapidly improve the activity of phagocytes (antigen delivery ability, phagocytosis and killing ability of immune effector cells are enhanced) in a short period of time. Clinical application results show that it can alleviate the symptoms of acute infection, shorten the course of acute infection, and reduce the effect of recurrence of infection. Its effect of improving and increasing the level of systemic anti-infection immune response is long-lasting and stable, so it can be used for both acute infections (viral and bacterial) and for consolidation therapy and prevention.
(4) Safe and reliable pidomod is a dipeptide molecule with a single component, few and mild adverse reactions, no metabolic decomposition in the body, excreted in its original form through the kidneys, no accumulation, good overall safety, and more suitable for children’s application.