Chronic renal structural and functional disorders (history of kidney injury > 3 months) of various causes, including normal and abnormal pathological glomerular filtration rate (GFR), abnormal blood or urine composition, abnormal imaging, or unexplained decrease in GFR (GFR < 60 ml/min) for more than 3 months, are called chronic kidney disease. The high prevalence, high mortality rate and low awareness rate of CKD have made it a public health and medical problem that cannot be ignored. The main goals of CKD prevention and treatment and tertiary prevention include: ① To reduce the incidence and prevalence of CKD by strengthening the prevention and treatment of high-risk groups and the whole population; ② To control clinical symptoms and improve the quality of life of patients; ③ To protect renal function: reversing, stopping and delaying the progression of CKD; ④ To prevent and treat complications of CKD, such as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, pulmonary vascular disease, infections, bleeding, etc., and to protect other target organs outside the kidney. ④Prevent and treat complications of CKD, such as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, pulmonary vascular disease, infection, bleeding, etc., protect target organs other than kidney, and improve patient survival. Secondary prevention of CKD refers to the treatment of existing kidney diseases or diseases that may cause kidney damage (such as diabetes, hypertension, hepatitis B, urinary tract infection, etc.) to prevent the occurrence of CKD. Secondary prevention refers to the timely treatment of patients with mild or moderate CKD to reverse, stop or delay the progression of CKD. Tertiary prevention refers to the early treatment of uremic patients to prevent the occurrence of some serious complications of uremia and to improve the survival rate and quality of life of patients. For patients without previous kidney diseases but with risk factors for kidney damage, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, gout or hyperuricemia, smoking, obesity, if the control of blood glucose, blood pressure, lipid and other indicators do not reach the standard, and gradually appear microalbuminuria or persistent proteinuria, it is easy to progress to CKD and chronic renal failure. renal failure. The long-term use of drugs that damage the kidneys (whether Western or Chinese medicine) can also lead to CKD and chronic renal failure. The development of CKD and chronic renal failure is more likely to occur in various types of glomerulonephritis (such as IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, purpura nephritis, etc.), amyloid nephropathy, myelomeningocele nephropathy, vasculitis nephrosis, chronic pyelonephritis, hereditary polycystic kidney disease, or in those who already have abnormal renal function at the first visit, or those who fail to adhere to follow-up treatment well. How to detect CKD at an early stage Most of the early stages of chronic kidney disease have no conscious symptoms, so it is difficult to detect it at an early stage without urine, blood and imaging tests. Therefore, in order to achieve early prevention and treatment, early diagnosis is necessary. To raise the awareness of health check-ups among the whole population and to increase government investment, routine urine examinations should be widely carried out, starting with primary and secondary school students, at least once a year, so that CKD can be clearly diagnosed at an early stage when there are no symptoms. For elderly people, it is recommended to have a comprehensive medical check-up once a year. For patients at high risk of kidney disease such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, regular urine tests or urinary albumin excretion rate should be performed every 3-6 months, and renal function and renal imaging tests should be performed. Urine microalbumin test (urine albumin/creatinine) should be promoted and popularized, which is more sensitive than urine routine test and more convenient than urine protein excretion rate test, and can detect renal lesions such as diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive kidney damage at an early stage, and is one of the sensitive indicators for early diagnosis of kidney damage. For the evaluation of glomerular filtration function, it is recommended to apply the formula (such as MDRD formula, Cockcroff-Gault formula, etc.) to calculate GFR, or radionuclide method to determine GFR.