1. Recommendations for first-line systemic treatment of mesenchymal astrocytoma, mesenchymal oligodendroglioma, and mesenchymal oligodendroglial astrocytoma ①All patients with the above types of gliomas should be tested for 1p/19q deletion. ② In patients with mesenchymal astrocytoma, mesenchymal oligodendroglioblastoma, or mesenchymal oligodendroglioblastic astrocytoma without a 1p/19q co-deletion who are in good physical condition, segmental external radiotherapy remains the standard of care after surgery. Temozolomide or methylbenzylhydrazine, lomustine, vincristine, and delayed radiotherapy are reasonable treatment measures. Simultaneous administration of temozolomide with split radiation therapy is another reasonable treatment option, but it did not show superiority in a small-sample retrospective analysis. (iii) Postoperative radiotherapy adjuvant to methylbenzylhydrazine, lomustine, and vincristine is recommended for patients with mesenchymal oligodendrogliomas in good physical condition or mesenchymal oligodendroglial astrocytomas with a 1p/19q co-deletion in occultation. Split radiotherapy synchronized with temozolomide treatment is also a reasonable treatment option based on the limited phase III clinical trial data available. ④ For patients with poor physical status, they may be treated with macrosplit radiotherapy, temozolomide therapy or supportive therapy. 2.Recommendations for first-line systemic treatment of glioblastoma ① For patients younger than 70 years old and in good physical status, split radiotherapy with simultaneous temozolomide or subsequent temozolomide adjuvant therapy is the standard of care for glioblastoma, and dose-intensive chemotherapy is not advocated. (ii) In patients older than 70 years of age and in good physical condition, treatment includes super-split radiotherapy, temozolomide with delayed radiotherapy or radiotherapy synchronized with temozolomide or subsequent temozolomide adjuvant. It is recommended to check the patient’s O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status and recommend temozolomide treatment if the result is positive. (iii) The routine addition of bevacizumab is not recommended for pre-treatment. (iv) Nitolizumab is controversial as a first-line therapeutic agent. The Cuban phase II randomized clinical trial provided sufficient evidence to recommend nitolizumab as a first-line treatment when temozolomide causes intolerable myelosuppression, in addition to radiotherapy. However, the number of patients participating in this clinical trial was small, and its results were not replicated in other clinical trials, so other national guideline committees did not support it and did not recommend nitolizumab as a first-line treatment. ⑤ Due to the lack of data on the first-line treatment of patients with poor physical status, combination therapy with methylbenzylhydrazine, lomustine, or vincristine, temozolomide monotherapy, radiotherapy alone, or supportive therapy is considered reasonable. 3.Recommendations for first-line systemic treatment of recurrent malignant glioma ①For patients with good physical status, reasonable chemotherapy regimens include temozolomide, lomustine combined with methylbenzylhydrazine, lomustine, vincristine treatment, cyclophosphamide, platinum-based drugs and irinotecan. (ii) Bevacizumab monotherapy or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents may also be used in the treatment of malignant glioblastoma. (iii) Supportive therapy is reasonable for patients with poor physical status.