There are three drugs that have been shown to be effective in MDS: 5-azacytidine nucleoside, decitabine and lenalidomide, with several more in clinical trials. In clinical trials the 2-year survival rate was better in the 5-azacytidine nucleoside treatment group than in the conventional treatment group (50.8 vs. 26.2). Decitabine was less effective in improving survival, but significantly improved symptoms. Lenalidomide is more effective in treating 5q- syndrome, with some effects lasting more than two years. New drugs currently in clinical trials include rigosertib, currently used to treat high-risk patients for whom 5-azacytidine nucleoside and decitabine are ineffective, with a Phase III clinical report expected by the end of the year. A second treatment under investigation is decitabine in combination with vorinostat.