So how to detect penile cancer at an early stage? Most penile cancers are not detected at an early stage because, on the one hand, penile cancer often starts from the head of penis and inner plate of foreskin, and it is not easy to be detected at an early stage because it grows inside the prepuce. On the other hand, due to shyness and fear, some people are reluctant to seek medical treatment, and some even mistake it as “venereal disease” and are unwilling to see a doctor. Clinically, penile cancer is mostly seen in patients aged 40-60 with prepuce or long foreskin. In the early stage of cancer, the head of penis or epithelium of foreskin is thickened, which may be overlooked and not easily detected. Most cases show papules, ulcers, warts or cauliflower-like patches on the head of penis, followed by erosion, hard and uneven edges, self-induced stinging or burning pain and pus-like foul-smelling discharge. If the foreskin cannot be turned up, the foreskin can be carefully touched through the foreskin and there is a feeling of lumps or nodules and local pressure pain. There is often purulent or bloody secretion flowing out from the external opening of foreskin by itself. Most of the penile cancer patients we see clinically may have enlarged inguinal lymph nodes at the time of consultation, which may be due to cancer invasion, but about 50% of the enlarged lymph nodes are not cancer metastasis, but due to inflammation. If there are ulcers or lumps on the head of penis or foreskin, and antibiotic treatment is ineffective after 10-14 days, penile cancer should be suspected. Some lumps or ulcers on the head of the penis should be biopsied if they cannot be diagnosed clearly Why is it that most penile cancers can be prevented? Although the cause of cancer is still not very clear, statistical analysis of clinical data shows that the occurrence of penile cancer is closely related to prepuce or circumcision. What are prepuce and circumcision? Circumcision means that the opening of foreskin is too small and the foreskin cannot be turned up to reveal the head of the penis, while phimosis means that the foreskin covers the entire head of the penis, while the opening of foreskin is not small and can be turned up to reveal the head of the penis. It is known from studies that circumcision is performed on the 8th day of life in Jewish male newborns and there is almost no penile cancer; in Islam, circumcision is also performed on boys between 4 and 10 years old and the incidence of penile cancer is also very low. Circumcision in adulthood, however, has no significant preventive effect on penile cancer. Therefore, penile cancer can be regarded as a kind of late complication of circumcision or circumcision, and also a preventable tumor. According to modern scientific researches, for those who are circumcised or circumcised, the accumulation of foreskin scale will form in the inner cavity of foreskin, and the mucous membrane on the surface of foreskin and penis head will be inflamed frequently, which will eventually induce penile cancer with long-term stimulation over the years. Many experiments have proved that foreskin scale has strong carcinogenic effects. Inoculating horse foreskin scale into mice can cause malignant tumors of the skin, and inoculating human foreskin scale into the cervix of mice can induce cervical cancer in mice. Therefore, prepuce and circumcision are currently recognized as predisposing factors of penile cancer. With the above knowledge, we can prevent most penile cancers. First of all, it is important to wash and keep the foreskin cavity clean frequently. Patients who are circumcised should be circumcised as soon as possible. In addition, men who are simply circumcised can be circumcised and the foreskin can also be frequently turned out to clean off the foreskin. The purpose of all these preventive measures is to get rid of foreskin scales which have a strong carcinogenic effect.