Cervical cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the female reproductive tract. Statistics show that there are about 460,000 new cases of cervical cancer worldwide each year, 80% of which occur in developing countries. China has about 150,000 new cases each year, accounting for 1/3 of the total number of cases in the world, and about 30,000 people die from cervical cancer each year. Although cervical cancer used to be rare in women under the age of 30, mostly occurring in women over the age of 40, with the most deaths occurring in those aged 50-60, there has been a global trend of increasing incidence in younger patients in recent years, with an estimated 40% of cervical cancers occurring in the childbearing years. Data from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University for the last 5 years show that patients under 40 years of age account for 28.5% of all hospitalized cervical cancer patients. It is now clear that cervical cancer is an infectious disease and its causative agent is high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection such as HPV16, 18, 33, 54, etc. Moreover, it usually takes a relatively long time from HPV infection to the development of cervical cancer, generally through persistent HPV infection → cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN, commonly known as precancerous lesions). including CIN1 or mild atypical hyperplasia, CIN2 or severe atypical hyperplasia and CIN3 or severe atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ) stage → cervical cancer, which takes about 10 years, which provides the premise and foundation for cervical cancer prevention. HPV vaccines are divided into two categories: therapeutic vaccines and preventive vaccines, and the vaccines currently used in clinical trials are mostly preventive vaccines. This protection is type-specific. The bivalent vaccines against HPV types 16 and 18 prepared by GSK and the quadrivalent vaccine “Gardasil” against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 prepared by Merck have been marketed to prevent cervical cancer, vulvar and vaginal precancer caused by the above four HPV types, as well as low-level HPV cancer caused by these four HPV types. The vaccine is suitable for women aged 9 to 26 years, especially for unmarried girls aged 10 to 14 years, and is most effective in preventing cervical, vaginal and vulvar pre-cancer caused by HPV 16 and HPV 18. “How long the HPV vaccine protects and how safe it is in the long term needs to be followed up. There will be a big market for HPV vaccines in China in the future,” said Professor Wei Lihui of Peking University People’s Hospital. However, at this stage, HPV vaccine is still too “sunny and snowy” for the general Chinese public, and HPV testing and early diagnosis and treatment is a more practical way of prevention.” Screening for cervical precancer and cervical cancer: The purpose of early diagnosis is to screen out cervical precancer as early as possible and to further examine and treat women with abnormal results to interrupt the lesions in the pre-cancerous or early cancer stage. The main methods of screening include cytology (preferably thin-layer liquid-based cytology), high-risk HPV testing, and colposcopy for pathological examination. In cases where colposcopy is unsatisfactory, cervical canal scraping, cervical conization, and electrocycloplegia (LEEP) for pathological examination are also required for final confirmation. Cytology, colposcopy and pathology are the most important diagnostic methods for cervical lesions and early cervical cancer. 1.Cytological examination: There are Pap smear, thin layer liquid-based cytological smear, etc. Pap smear has been used for nearly seventy years and has made great contribution to the screening of cervical cancer. However, there are the following disadvantages: the smear method tends to lose a large number of cells, and the smear is often mixed with leukocytes and blood cells, making the background of the smear unclear, making it difficult to read the smear, and the reader’s eyes are easily fatigued, which affects the diagnosis, and the reported results cut the connection between clinicians and pathologists, so the application has gradually decreased. However, in rural areas, it is still the most commonly used cytological examination method; thin-layer liquid-based cytology is an improved production method to address the shortcomings of Ba smear. The application of thin-layer liquid-based cytology smear, with adequate sampling volume and clear smear background, improves clarity and detection rate, facilitates reading and diagnosis, and the reported results make it easier for clinicians and pathologists to have a dialogue, and the current application is gradually expanding and is becoming popular in large and medium-sized cities. In addition, there is a combination of thin-layer liquid-based cytology and computer reading technology, based on thin-layer liquid-based cytology, first by the computer to identify suspicious areas, and then by manual reading, greatly improving the quality and efficiency of the reading, but the application is limited because of the high price. 2.HPV test: HPV test combined with cytology is a reasonable solution to screen cervical cancer. The most commonly used and reliable method for HPV detection is second-generation capture hybridization (HC2), which is the only FDA-approved method for clinical detection of HPV with high sensitivity, but with the disadvantage that it is expensive and difficult to be popularized, and is only carried out in a few major cities in China. HPV testing is not only used as a screening method for cervical cancer together with cytology, but also for triage of cases with unknown cytology, predicting the development and prognosis of CIN1 and CIN2, and following up after treatment for CIN or cervical cancer. Colposcopy: Colposcopy should be performed in cases with abnormal cytology or clinically suspicious lesions. Colposcopy can magnify the area 5-15 times, and different colposcopic images for different degrees of lesions, combined with acetic acid test and iodine test to guide the site of biopsy, can greatly improve the accuracy of diagnosis of cervical lesions. It should be noted that those who are not satisfied with colposcopy also need to undergo cervical canal scraping or cervical conization, electric loop conization (LEEP) and other pathological examinations to finally confirm the diagnosis. 4.Pathological examination: It is the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis of cervical precancer and cervical cancer. The cervical biopsy tissue should be sent to pathology department for diagnosis by specialized pathologists. Finally, a reasonable treatment plan will be formulated by the obstetrician and gynecologist according to the lesions. Generally speaking, a clear diagnosis can be made after cytological examination, colposcopy and pathological examination, which is called the three steps of cervical lesion diagnosis. Timely treatment of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer: that is, early treatment. For patients diagnosed with cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer, reasonable treatment methods are adopted in regular hospitals. Generally, according to the degree of lesion and patient’s specific conditions, physical therapy, LEEP, cold knife conization and hysterectomy are often used for CIN, and those who have not undergone hysterectomy should also be followed up closely. After early cervical cancer is detected and treated timely, the prognosis is very good and often curable. The most common surgical procedure is extensive hysterectomy + pelvic lymph node dissection. Younger patients can often preserve ovarian function and extend the vagina to ensure higher postoperative quality of life, and for young patients with fertility requirements, they can also selectively undergo extensive hysterectomy while preserving the uterus. The prognosis of advanced cervical cancer is worse than that of early cervical cancer, and the main treatment is radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy, and some patients can still consider surgery after radiotherapy. Many patients with advanced cervical cancer can still have a good prognosis and even survive for a long time after regular treatment. In developed countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer have decreased significantly due to better cervical cancer screening, while the main reason for the increase of cervical cancer in developing countries is the lack of screening procedures for precancerous lesions and early stage cancer of the cervix, the low quality of screening and the low awareness of screening. It is estimated that 95% of women in our country have not been screened for cervical cancer. Therefore, it is urged that women of reproductive age, especially those who are at high risk of cervical cancer such as early sexual life, multiple sexual partners, multiple pregnancies and births, poor socio-economic status, poor nutrition, sexual confusion and family history of cervical cancer, must pay attention to cervical cancer screening and cervical cancer is important for prevention!