A. Principles of choosing diet for friends with CKD
Chronic kidney disease friends need to eat the following foods in limited quantities.
Dry legumes: red beans, green beans, peas, black beans
Gluten products: gluten, sausage, bran
Nuts: peanuts, melon seeds, walnuts, cashews, almonds
Fruits: peach
These foods contain plant-based proteins with low physiological potency
If your blood phosphorus is high you should control eating the following foods?
Dairy products: yogurt, yogurt, fermented milk
Dried beans: red beans, green beans, black beans, fava beans
Whole grains: lotus seeds, spaghetti, whole wheat products, wheat germ
Offal: pork liver, pork heart, chicken gizzard
Nuts: almond nuts, pistachios, cashews, walnuts, peanuts, sesame seeds
Others: yeast, cola, soft drinks, cocoa, egg yolk, fish, eggs, meat loaf, lecithin, sausage, shrimp balls, etc.
If your blood potassium is high, you should limit your consumption of the following foods.
Nori, mushrooms, soybeans, dried dates, lilies, bananas, oranges, peaches, grapefruit, spinach, chrysanthemum, leeks, bamboo shoots, celery, cabbage, tomatoes, potatoes, fruit juices, gravies, canned fruit juices, beer, chicken essence, chicken soup, tea, coffee, pine nuts, pistachios and other foods that contain high potassium.
Restrict eating does not mean absolutely can not eat
You can eat foods low in potassium and phosphorus such as winter melon, buddha melon, golden gourd, cucumber, cabbage, mung bean sprouts, pear, apple, pineapple, grapes and watermelon
If your blood potassium is low, the following foods should be consumed.
foods high in potassium such as nori, mushrooms, dried dates, lilies, bananas, oranges, grapefruit, spinach, chrysanthemum, leeks, bamboo shoots, celery, cabbage, tomatoes, potatoes, fruit juices, gravies, canned fruit juices, beer, chicken essence, chicken soup, tea, coffee, pine nuts, pistachios, etc.
If you have high cholesterol you should limit your intake of the following foods.
Animal brains, animal offal, egg yolk, crab yolk, puffed eggs, butter, etc.
Fish meat loaf, anchovies, fatty pork, whole milk, chicken, chicken blood, fish, prawns, lamb oil, chicken oil, etc.
If you have high uric acid, you should limit your intake of the following foods
Beef and lamb offal, sardines, fish roe, thick meat broth, meat extract, beef, beef tongue;
Pork, duck, goose, pigeon, carp, dried beans, chicken broth, mushrooms, lobster; sea fish, peas, cocoa, coffee, tea, beer, tofu, etc.
If you have high blood pressure, or if you have swelling or low urination.
Salt intake should be limited to
2-3 grams of salt per day
Eat less sodium-rich foods: salted meats, ham, sausages, salted cakes
dried, nuts, smoked fish, etc.
However, when accompanied by vomiting or diarrhea, sodium should no longer be restricted and should even be supplemented
Salt content of common foods.
A flat spoonful of salt is 6g
A bag of instant noodles contains 5.4g of salt
One salted egg contains 2g of salt
One slice of ham sausage contains 1g of salt
Two taels of squash contains 11.3g of salt
Two taels of oil cake contains 0.8g of salt
By keeping your body’s daily water intake and output in balance, you will not suffer from heart failure or swelling!
Therefore, it is very important to record the daily water intake, urine volume, and ultrafiltration volume for peritoneal dialysis patients!
Water content of common foods.
Foods with 90 percent water content include: porridge, tofu, a variety of fresh vegetables
and fruits, etc.
Foods with 70% water content include: rice, sweet potatoes, potatoes, fresh
Meat, eggs, fish and shrimp, etc.
Foods with 30% water content include: steamed buns, cakes, bread, snacks, etc.
For example: 2 taels of steamed buns with water content = 100 × 30% = 30 ml
2 taels of apples = 100 × 90% = 90 ml of water
How to control water and salt intake?
Avoid diets with high salt content.
Such as MSG, chicken essence, soy sauce, pickled products and all kinds of cooked food, etc. Add more seasoning when cooking, such as onion, ginger, garlic, chili, pepper, star anise, cilantro, mustard, etc.
Use low-salt soy sauce
Avoid using strong tea and strong coffee
Diabetic patients: control blood sugar at the ideal level first.
The benefits of controlling water and salt intake?
Blood pressure is lowered, reducing oral antihypertensive drugs and saving medical expenses.
The volume load is reduced, maintaining blood pressure at normal levels and better protecting residual kidney function.
Patients on abdominal dialysis feel well, with no chest tightness or breath-holding. Reduced cardiovascular complications.
Reduced the use of highly concentrated dialysis fluid.
Second, chronic kidney disease pharmacotherapy
Acute nephritis
(A) General principles
1, with edema, hypertension and heart failure should be low salt diet, less than 3 grams of salt per day, with a salt-free diet when severe edema.
Prohibit foods containing high sodium such as sausage, ham, meat loaf, pickles, squash, curd, sauce, soda crackers, etc.
2. Restrict water intake when there is little urine, the amount of water intake is the previous day’s urine volume plus 500ml
3. When urine is low and blood potassium is high, limit the intake of potassium-containing foods, such as squash, mushrooms, purple cabbage, bananas, fresh orange juice, parsnip, comet, horse amaranth, cilantro, coffee. Discard the soup after cooking the vegetables can reduce the potassium content.
4, proteinuria, azotemia, limit the intake of protein, 0.6 grams per kilogram of body weight per day for children.
5, should not be premature warming, forbidden to eat spicy, greasy, warm and dry products.
(II) medicinal food
1, thatch root sugar cane water
Ingredients: 100 grams of fresh thatch root (30 grams of dried products), 200 grams of sugar cane
Production and serving method: medicine two flavors at the same time decoction, first boil with a fierce fire, and then simmer with a slow fire, add water should not be too much, it is appropriate to take thick juice.
Effects: Clearing heat and diuresis, cooling the blood to stop bleeding.
Indications: Acute nephritis with hematuria and swelling is caused by damp heat in the lower jiao or internal heat in yin deficiency. Decoction for those with little urine.
2, winter melon adzuki bean porridge
Ingredients: 450 grams of ripe winter melon, 30 grams of adzuki beans
Production and serving method: add the right amount of water to cook the red beans first, then the winter melon, or add a little sugar. Drink porridge and eat winter melon.
Efficacy: clear heat and diuresis.
Indications: acute nephritis with swelling as the main manifestation.
3, corn beard plantain sugar water
Ingredients: corn beard 30 grams, plantain 15 grams
Production and serving method: decoction of water for tea, can add the right amount of pond.
Efficacy: clear heat, diuretic and reduce swelling.
Indications: Acute nephritis with proteinuria, swelling as the main manifestation.
Chronic glomerulonephritis
(A) general principles
1, edema and hypertension, less salt or low salt;
2, proteinuric patients appropriate to reduce protein intake, avoid eating shrimp and crab seafood;
3, hypertension, lipid disorders, low-fat diet, limit the consumption of animal offal and egg yolk, etc.;
4, eat more vitamin-rich vegetables and fruits.
1.Gorgonzola yam porridge
Ingredients: 30 grams of gravy, 30 grams of yam, 30 grams of cherry, 50 grams of round-grained rice;
Production and serving method: the above ingredients are put into a pot and cooked slowly, once a day. Can add a small amount of sugar or salt does not affect the medicinal effect.
Effects: Tonifying the kidney and strengthening the spleen, consolidating astringent and astringent essence.
Indications: chronic nephritis, spleen and kidney deficiency with proteinuria as the main cause.
2, ginseng and astragalus gravy pig kidney soup
Ingredients: 30 grams of astragalus, 30 grams of gorgonians, 15 grams of ginseng, 1 pig kidney
Production and serving method: cut open the pig kidney, remove the tendons and membranes, wash, and then boil the soup with the above-mentioned drugs for consumption. A little salt can be added when eating.
Effects: Tonifies the qi, strengthens the spleen, benefits the kidney and consolidates the essence.
Indications: chronic nephritis, spleen and kidney deficiency, with proteinuria as the main manifestation.
3, lotus seeds gravy lean meat soup
Ingredients: lotus seeds 30 grams, 30 grams of gravy, 30 grams of cherry seeds, 50 grams of lean pork
Production and serving method: use a tile pot to boil the above ingredients over slow fire, add a little salt to taste, and serve with dregs.
Effects: Strengthening the spleen, tonifying the kidney and nourishing the heart.
Indications: Chronic nephritis with deficiency of heart, spleen and kidney, proteinuria, seminal emission, palpitation and insomnia.
Nephrotic syndrome
(A) general principles
1, protein intake: protein 0.8-1 grams per kilogram of body weight per day.
2. A low-salt or salt-free diet is advisable when edema is present, and a normal diet should be resumed when edema subsides.
3.When edema is present, water restriction should be moderate, and the amount of water drunk is the previous day’s urine volume plus 500ml.
4.High blood lipids in nephrotic syndrome, cholesterol-rich foods should be controlled, such as egg yolk, shrimp, crab, fatty meat, hoof tendons and animal offal.
5.When taking large doses of hormones, there is yin deficiency and internal heat entrapped damp heat and blood stasis, the diet should be cool, should not consume hot and spicy products, hormone reduction in the maintenance amount is appropriate to eat to strengthen the spleen and kidney.
1, garlic sand confit carp
Ingredients: one carp, about 400 grams, 15 grams of garlic meat, 6 grams of sand kernel.
Production and serving method: carp gills and viscera, clean, sand into the carp belly, add water, fierce fire boiling, slow cook for an hour, add a little salt to taste, drink soup and eat fish.
Effects: Strengthening the spleen, tonifying deficiency, warming the stomach and eliminating grain.
Indications: Nephrotic syndrome with spleen deficiency and dampness obstruction, abdominal distension, poor appetite. This product is not suitable for those with heat symptoms.
2, corn beard wolfberry stewed water fish
Ingredients: fresh corn beard 80 grams (40 grams of dried products), Chinese wolfberry 15 grams, water fish 400 grams
Production and serving method: first put the water fish in hot water, scalding, so that urination clean, remove the viscera, cut off the head, claws, clean, the water fish with the herbs into the stew pot, add the appropriate amount, stewed over slow fire, add a little salt to taste, drink soup and eat water fish.
Efficacy: kidney diuretic.
Indications: Nephrotic syndrome high-dose hormone therapy, obvious edema of both lower limbs.
3.Chicken with abalone
Ingredients: 80 grams of black chicken meat, 25 grams of abalone
Production and serving method: add water in appropriate amount, put into a tile pot, boil with fierce fire, then simmer with slow fire, add a little salt to taste, and take with the meat.
Effects: Tonifying the kidney and filling the essence.
Indications: Hypoproteinemia of nephrotic syndrome. Avoid using this product for azotemia.
4.Chicken stew with Radix et Rhizoma Tinctoriae
Ingredients: 500 grams of hen meat, 10 grams of Panax ginseng, green onion, salt and monosodium glutamate.
Production and serving method: grind Tian Qi into powder, wash the chicken, boil the water with fierce fire, add the chicken and cook for a few moments, then take out the chicken, add green onion, transfer to a tile stewing pot, stew on low fire until the chicken is cooked and soft, then add the powder with Tian Qi.
Effects: Tonifying the spleen and kidney, benefiting qi and blood, resolving blood stasis and stopping bleeding.
Indications: Nephrotic syndrome with signs of blood stasis. Not recommended for nephrotic syndrome with external sensation or without signs of stasis.
Diabetic nephropathy
(I) General principles
The diet for diabetic nephropathy patients takes into account the characteristics of both diabetes and nephropathy. It is summarized as “ensure calories, high quality and low protein, low fat” three principles.
1. Calories: The total calorie requirement for each day is estimated according to the standard weight of the patient. Standard weight calculation formula: standard weight (Kg) = height (cm) – 105
Total calories are calculated according to the following formula
1)Resting person: 25~30Kcal per kg body weight per day;
2)Mental or light manual workers: 30～35 Kcal per kg body weight per day;
3) Medium physical workers: 35-40 Kcal per kg of body weight per day;
4) Heavy manual laborers: ≥40 Kcal per kg of body weight per day;
5) Obese people (overweight 20%), calories should be reduced by 5-10% of the normal standard; general carbohydrates 50-60%; protein 12-20%; fat 20-35%; three meals are distributed as 1/5 of breakfast, 2/5 of Chinese food and 2/5 of dinner.
2, protein: normal kidney function is limited to 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight per day.
3, carbohydrates: long-term adherence to diet therapy can improve insulin sensitivity and improve glucose tolerance.
4, fat: diabetes is generally elevated blood lipids, small and large blood vessels are easy to harden, so the intake of fat should be limited. Usually low-fat (<50g/d), obese people do not exceed 40g per day.
5, water and salt: edema hypertension should be low salt (<3 grams per day), water consumption should be appropriately limited.
II) Medicine meal
Shredded chicken with bitter melon
Ingredients: 50 grams of chicken breast, 200 grams of bitter melon, a little white onion, white vinegar, salt, a little sesame oil.
Production and serving method: chicken breast cut into inch-long chicken shreds, bitter gourd to scoop, firm cut into inch-long thin strips, white onion cut into long thin shreds, put water in the pot, a little sesame oil, boiling water add bitter gourd, turn twice, retrieved spread in the plate, chicken shreds into the pot less pour into the plate, put white onion on the surface of the chicken shreds, add a little salt, white vinegar, sesame oil, mix well to eat.
Effects: Clearing heat and moistening dryness, nourishing Yin and quenching thirst.
Indications: Diabetes mellitus upper elimination type. Contraindicated for people with diabetes combined with abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Uric acid nephropathy
The principle is “three low and one more”. That is, low purine, low fat, low protein, and more water.
Low purine: In the acute stage, completely abstain from eating a diet containing very high purine, such as pancreas, sardines, animal liver, kidney, brain, meat juice and broth. Purine content is 150 to 1000mg/100g. Usually eat less or no food containing high purine, such as beef, pork, chicken soup, carp, goose, rabbit, pigeon and lentils. The purine content is 76 to 150mg/100g.
2, the three major nutrients: protein intake per kilogram of body weight per day generally 0.8 to 1 gram to reduce the source of uric acid, low-fat need not limit sugar.
3, vitamins: eat more fresh green or yellow fruits and vegetables, their metabolites in the body is alkaline, conducive to the treatment of uric acid nephropathy.
4, water: drink more water, more than 2500-3000ml a day, to ensure that there are 2000 urine per day, to promote the excretion of uric acid.
5.Drinking alcohol, strong tea, coffee and cocoa is strictly prohibited.
Urinary tract stones
The main components of urinary tract stones are oxalate, urate and phosphate. Accordingly, the dietary requirements for urinary tract stones are “adjust the diet and drink plenty of water.”
Adjustment of diet
(1) Calcium oxalate stones: low oxalate, low calcium diet.
Eat less algae, asparagus, white onion, amaranth, green garlic, rape, cabbage, onion head, radish, beet, pepper, celery, strong tea, squash, rape, sesame paste, mushroom, shrimp, chocolate, cocoa, walnuts, nuts, various beans, tofu, milk, etc. Provide alkali-producing foods to alkalize the urine, such as more fruits, other vegetables.
(2) Calcium phosphate and magnesium phosphate stones: low calcium and low phosphorus diet and acidification of urine.
(1) Limit high phosphorus diet, such as eggs, animal offal, fish eggs, sardines, soybeans and peanut rice, etc.
② Provide an acid-producing diet. Such as grain products, pasta bread, etc.
(3) Uric acid stones: low purine diet, see dietary requirements for uric acid nephropathy, more fruits, vegetables, milk, conducive to alkalinization of urine.
(4) should not drink beer: the wort of beer contains calcium, oxalic acid and nucleotides, easy urinary tract stones.
2, a lot of water: regardless of what kind of stones, patients should drink more than 2000ml of water per day, preferably 3000-4000ml, and maintain a certain amount of night urine, requiring 500ml of water before bedtime, and 700ml of water after night urination.
Chronic renal failure
(A) General principles
1, non-dialysis treatment is appropriate low protein diet, low protein diet should be combined with open with.
2, high protein diet is appropriate for dialysis.
3.Less salt and water for edema, hypertension and severe heart failure.
4.Ensure enough calories. : 5.
5.Low phosphorus diet.
6.Low potassium diet.
7, vitamins.
8, trace elements: kidney failure patients zinc, iron deficiency, it is appropriate to eat lean lamb, lean beef rich in iron and zinc, lotus root powder is also rich in content, kidney tonic Chinese medicine rich in trace elements.
(B) medicinal meals
1, wolfberry gravy sparrow stew
Ingredients: two sparrows, Chinese wolfberry 15 grams, 20 grams of gravy
Production and serving method: will be washed wolfberry, gorgonian into the sparrow belly, placed in the stewpot, add water, stewpot with a cover, stewed in water for 1 hour, seasoning can drink soup and eat meat.
Efficacy: tonify the kidney and fix the essence
Indications: kidney failure and deficiency of kidney energy.
Cordyceps stewed duck
Ingredients: old duck, 5 grams of wormwood, ginger two slices
Production and serving method: the old duck to remove the internal organs. Ginger washed, the cordyceps into the old duck belly, placed in a casserole, stewed over a hydrological fire eat meat chewed Cordyceps, fraction of the day eaten, generally in winter service.
Efficacy: replenish the kidneys and fill the essence, improve immunity, protect kidney function.
Indications: Applicable to all stages of renal failure.