At present, internationally, the choice of antiviral therapy drugs for chronic hepatitis B is divided into two main categories, interferon and nucleoside analogues, and each category has different drug options. Although these drugs have anti-hepatitis B virus effects, each has different characteristics, and for a patient with chronic hepatitis B under initial treatment, we should first determine whether he or she is suitable for antiviral therapy, that is, whether he or she meets the antiviral indications, in the latest guidelines for the prevention and treatment of slow hepatitis B in 2015, the following conditions need to be met simultaneously: (1) HBV DNA level: HBeAg-positive patients, HBV DNA ≥20 000 IU/mL (equivalent to 104 copies/ml ); HBeAg-negative patients, HBV DNA ≥2000 IU/mL (equivalent to 104 copies/ml); (2) ALT level: generally requires a sustained elevation of ALT ≥ 2 × ULN (more than 3 months); if treated with interferon, ALT should generally be ≤ 10 × ULN, total serum bilirubin should be < 2 × ULN; if the above-mentioned antiviral indications are met, we should further deliberate which regimen should be selected, which drug can achieve maximum efficacy and fewer adverse effects, from the perspective of patient selection In this paper, we will discuss the use of interferon as an example. In this article, we will discuss the population of patients who have the advantage of interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis B as an example. In the 2015 edition of the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B, it is stated that pegylated interferon (Peg IFN-α) has a high efficacy in patients with 1) HBV DNA <2x108 IU/ml; 2) high ALT levels; 3) genotype A or B; 4) low HBsAg levels at baseline; 5) inflammatory necrosis of liver tissue above G2; and HBeAg-negative patients with chronic hepatitis B. No valid pretreatment predictors of virologic response are available. Among patients with antiviral indications, Peg IFN-α therapy may be prioritized in relatively young patients (including adolescent patients), patients who wish to have children in recent years, patients who expect to complete treatment in the short term, and patients who are receiving antiviral therapy for the first time. The most important of these are pre-treatment HBVDNA load, ALT level and HBsAg level. (1) ALT level: High levels of ALT often indicate that the patient's immunity to hepatitis B virus is activated, and higher levels often indicate a higher degree of activation. Clinical studies have shown that patients with baseline ALT levels of 5-10 times ULN can obtain a significantly higher HBeAg seroconversion rate with pegylated interferon alpha 2a therapy than patients with ALT > 2-5 times ULN. However, excessive ALT levels, especially ALT > 10 times ULN, have the risk of inducing severe hepatitis during the application of interferon and are not advocated in the guidelines. (2) HBVDNA baseline level: the higher the HBVDNA quantification, the lower the efficacy of pegylated interferon; on the contrary, the lower the HBVDNA, the higher the efficacy, the reason for the low viral load often suggests that the activation of anti-hepatitis B immune function has its own viral clearance, on the basis of which the application of interferon therapy can often get twice the effect with half the effort, clinical studies have shown that the same ALT level at low levels HBeAg seroconversion rate in patients with the same ALT level is significantly higher than in patients with high level of HBVDNA. (3) HBsAg level: The level of HBsAg is helpful in predicting the efficacy of interferon, including the HBsAg level at baseline and 24 weeks of treatment, the higher the baseline HBsAg level, the lower the chance of obtaining a durable response to interferon, and it has been reported that patients with HBsAg levels <1500iu< span=""> tend to obtain more satisfactory results. The second is that 24 weeks of treatment is the extent of HBsAg decline is even more of a predictor of pegylated interferon efficacy, and the 2015 guidelines for the prevention and treatment of slow hepatitis B state that receiving PegIFN-α treatment with HBsAg <1500 IU/ml at 24 weeks and continuing monotherapy up to 48 weeks results in higher HBeAg serologic conversion rates. For patients with genotypes A and D, it is recommended to discontinue treatment if no decrease in HBsAg quantification occurs after 12 weeks of PegIFN-α treatment (negative predictive value 97%-100%). For patients with genotypes B and C, if HBsAg quantification remains >20,000 IU/mL after 12 weeks of PegIFN-α therapy, discontinuation of therapy is recommended. Regardless of genotype, discontinuation of PegIFN-α therapy is recommended if HBsAg quantification remains >20,000 IU/mL after 24 weeks of treatment. In conclusion, interferon antiviral therapy exerts its antiviral effect through immune activation and has many advantages such as short course of treatment, high HBeAg seroconversion rate and less likely to relapse after discontinuation, but it is necessary to select an advantageous population, if you cannot select an advantageous population, you may not get the expected efficacy even though it costs a lot and suffers a lot of adverse effects.