Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation is a new approach to treating severe liver disease and is one of the most cutting-edge and sought-after medical technologies in the world, which is free from immune rejection and ethical issues when compared to traditional liver transplantation treatments. The principle of this technique, which is less risky, less painful and less expensive, is to isolate stem cells from the patient’s bone marrow blood and input them into the diseased liver via the hepatic artery or portal vein, so that these stem cells can settle in the liver and differentiate into liver cells. The liver is the most regenerative organ in the human body, and the bone marrow stem cells have strong differentiation characteristics, that is, they can be differentiated into what kind of cells under what kind of environmental conditions. He describes in layman’s terms that when bone marrow stem cells are transplanted into the liver tissue of a patient, they are like “seeds” planted into the liver and differentiate into liver cells under the regulation of the liver microenvironment, thus significantly improving the liver function of the patient. At present, stem cell transplantation has been widely used in cardiomyopathy, leukemia, ischemic heart disease and so on. At present, the application of autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation for the treatment of severe liver disease has matured, Shenyang Infectious Disease Hospital after a large number of animal experiments, after expert verification has been applied in the clinic and achieved certain results. At present, there is still a lack of effective treatment for end-stage liver disease, and the best choice is liver transplantation, but there are many difficulties in liver transplantation, such as shortage of liver donor, expensive cost and postoperative immune graft rejection reaction. Autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation has opened up a new therapeutic pathway to solve the difficulties of liver transplantation. In recent years, with the development of molecular biology and cellular bioengineering technology, the treatment of liver disease through stem cell transplantation has gradually become a hot research topic. However, there are still some controversies in this research, such as whether autologous or allogeneic, whether bone marrow stem cells or embryonic stem cells, whether to modify the stem cells, etc., are the research to be broken through the “bottleneck” problem. He said that although autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation has many advantages, this technology can not completely replace liver transplantation. In addition, with primary liver cancer, severe liver disease, this technology is not applicable.