Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted mainly through blood and blood products including broken skin and mucous membranes, mother-to-child and sexual contact. Perinatal (birth) transmission is the main mode of mother-to-child transmission, mostly through contact with the blood and body fluids of HBV-positive mothers during delivery. Transmucosal transmission occurs mainly through the use of medical devices that have not been strictly sterilized, invasive medical procedures, and intravenous drug use by sharing syringes. Other transmission can also occur from pedicures, tattoos, earring piercings, accidental exposure of medical personnel at work, and sharing of razors and toothbrushes. Sexual contact with HBV-positive people, especially those with multiple sexual partners, has a significantly increased risk of HBV infection. Due to strict HBsAg screening of blood donors, HBV infection caused by blood transfusion or blood products has rarely occurred. And daily life or work contact including sharing meals, toilets, office supplies, living together, shaking hands, hugging, etc. will not generally transmit HBV. Timing of antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis B Chronic hepatitis B is a treatable but difficult disease, and complete removal of the virus is not yet possible. The treatment of chronic hepatitis B mainly includes antiviral, anti-inflammatory and liver protection, anti-fibrosis, immunomodulation and symptomatic treatment, of which antiviral treatment is the key and foundation of all treatment. As long as there is an indication for antiviral therapy and the timing is right, appropriate and standardized antiviral therapy should be administered. However, not every HBV-infected patient needs antiviral therapy immediately. Only those with liver inflammatory activity (ALT abnormal and greater than 2 times the upper limit of normal; if ALT is less than 2 times the upper limit of normal but liver biopsy shows liver tissue inflammatory activity of grade 2 or fibrosis of grade 2 or ALT less than 2 times the upper limit of normal but lasting for more than 3-6 months) and active HBV Only patients with chronic hepatitis B with active HBV replication need timely antiviral therapy; patients with liver function loss or cirrhosis should adhere to long-term antiviral therapy. For HBV-infected patients with normal liver function, if liver biopsy confirms inflammatory necrosis or fibrosis of liver tissue (any of which reaches grade 2), timely antiviral treatment should be given; or ultrasound examination of the spleen should be done to determine whether timely antiviral treatment is needed. Otherwise, antiviral therapy is not required for the time being, but close clinical follow-up, regular monitoring of liver function and regular ultrasound examination of the liver should be performed. The overall goal of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B The fundamental goal of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B is to achieve durable suppression or conversion of HBVDNA, normal ALT, HBeAg conversion or serological conversion (HBeAg conversion and anti-HBe conversion) and improvement of liver histology (improvement or reversal of hepatocellular inflammation and necrosis and hepatic fibrosis) in the near term; while the long-term goal is to delay or stop hepatic fibrosis by The long-term goal is to slow down or stop the progression of liver disease through antiviral therapy, prevent and reduce the occurrence or development of liver failure, cirrhosis and liver cancer, thus improving the quality of life and prolonging the survival time of patients with chronic hepatitis B.