Renal diseases require renal puncture biopsy in order to clarify the diagnosis, guide treatment or determine prognosis if there are no contraindications. Renal puncture biopsy is of great help in clarifying the histopathological diagnosis of various primary glomerular diseases, and is of great value in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of some secondary glomerular diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, the absence of renal damage, the staging of renal pathology, the assessment of active and chronic lesions, and the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of hereditary renal diseases, acute kidney injury, and renal transplant rejection. If nephritis, commonly known as glomerulonephritis, is present, glomerulonephritis can be divided into acute glomerulonephritis, acute progressive glomerulonephritis, and chronic glomerulonephritis. The type of pathological changes in acute glomerulonephritis is intracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis, while the type of pathological changes in acute progressive glomerulonephritis is crescentic glomerulonephritis, and the type of pathological changes in chronic glomerulonephritis can be membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, etc. Different types of pathological changes lead to different treatments for the disease. In contrast, if renal puncture biopsy is done for nephrotic syndrome, the type of pathological changes can be microscopic lesion nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, etc. The prognosis of patients with different pathological types is different, and the treatment plan may be different. Therefore, if there is no contraindication to kidney puncture, kidney puncture biopsy can be considered to clarify the pathological diagnosis.