Cancer is a class of preventable and treatable diseases. In addition to etiological prevention, i.e., intervention against cancer-causing risk factors to remove certain cancer-causing factors to achieve the purpose of reducing cancer incidence. Early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of cancer are important means to improve the cure rate and survival rate of cancer and reduce the mortality rate. As the world-renowned expert in colorectal disease diagnosis and treatment, Prof. Susumu Kudo, said, “When I am powerless to know how to prevent the occurrence of tumor and afraid of the death rate of middle and late stage tumor, the best way is to detect and eradicate it at an early stage”. More than 90% of cancers may have no obvious symptoms in the early stage, and by the time they become obvious, they are often in the middle to late stage. However, the effect of cancer treatment differs greatly between early detection and late detection. For example, lung cancer, the malignant tumor with the highest incidence and mortality rate in China, has an overall 5-year survival rate of only about 16%, but if it can be detected and surgically removed at an early stage, the cure rate of in situ lung cancer is nearly 100%, and the 5-year survival rate for stage 1 lung cancer is over 90%. Gynecologists found that the 5-year survival rate of in situ cervical cancer is almost 100%, the 5-year survival rate of early invasive cervical cancer is 90%, the 5-year survival rate of invasive cervical cancer is only 67%, and the 5-year survival rate of late stage is less than 10%. Nowadays, most of the cancer patients are diagnosed because they have more or less clinical symptoms, and most of them have already developed into middle or late stage and lost the best treatment time, so they can only improve the quality of survival and prolong their lives by reducing their pain through clinical integrated treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care. So how to detect cancer at an early stage? The most effective way may be to tailor-make a set of suitable cancer prevention medical checkups after a comprehensive assessment under the guidance of a specialist, so that problems can be detected at an early stage while avoiding some unnecessary over-testing. Through cancer prevention physical examination, cancer patients with less obvious symptoms may be detected at an early stage, and precancerous lesions and early cancers may be detected at an early stage, so as to achieve early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment, increase the cure rate and reduce the mortality rate. Cancer prevention physical examination refers to the application of effective methods and means to screen for specific tumors among asymptomatic people. It is different from regular health checkups and diagnostic examinations. General physical examination is a general health checkup, not a medical checkup specifically for cancer prevention, the focus is not on cancer screening, and the design of examination items may lack relevance. It is recommended that people over 40 years old should have at least one cancer checkup every year; 2. For people with family history of malignant tumors, it is recommended to have four checkups per year in foreign countries; in China, it is better to have two checkups per year. 3. There are three main groups of people who need to undergo cancer checkups: 4. People with high risk of cancer are: 1. people with family history of malignant tumors (usually including immediate or collateral relatives within three generations who have suffered from malignant tumors); 2. people with bad living habits (long-term heavy smoking, long-term alcohol abuse, drug abuse, long-term overwork, severe malnutrition, partial diet, etc.); 3. occupational factors: people with long-term exposure to toxic and harmful substances; 4. people whose living environment is polluted (chemical pollution, heavy metals, etc.) (chemical pollution, heavy metal pollution, nuclear pollution, etc.). 5, people suffering from special microbial infections (hepatitis B virus, HIV, human papilloma virus, EBV, Helicobacter pylori infection, etc.). 6.People suffering from certain chronic diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or pulmonary fibrosis, hepatitis cirrhosis, chronic gastrointestinal diseases, habitual constipation, chronic cervicitis, obesity, diabetes, etc. So, what items should be checked in cancer prevention medical examination? In recent years, the malignant tumor with the highest incidence and mortality rate in China is lung cancer, and its incidence increases with age. In 2013, the American Cancer Society (ACS) and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommended the use of low-dose chest CT for screening of people at high risk of lung cancer. Low-dose CT of the chest reduces the dose of X-ray exposure to the subject by 80% or more compared to conventional CT examinations. Experts recommend that screening with low-dose CT of the chest is not limited to those at high risk for lung cancer, but should be expanded to those over the age of 40 who are eligible. This screening can detect more early lung cancers and reduce the mortality rate of lung cancer by 20%. Therefore, it is recommended that lung cancer screening should be done regularly after the age of 40, especially for high-risk groups, and low-dose spiral CT chest examination is a very important screening tool, which is much more useful than simple X-ray chest X-ray and chest radiography in early detection of lung cancer. Gastrointestinal cancer screening: gastroscopy is preferred Gastric cancer, esophageal cancer and other upper gastrointestinal tumors are also common tumors in China. Many early symptoms of GI tumors are hidden, so it is difficult for patients to discover them by themselves, and when obvious symptoms appear, they are often in the middle and late stages. Nowadays, 90% of gastric cancer patients come to hospitals only after they have progressed to the middle and late stages, thus delaying the best treatment time. If early detection and timely standardized treatment are carried out, the cure rate of early gastric cancer can reach over 90%. Therefore, it is recommended that people over 40 years old with high risk should have gastroscopy once a year, which is very important to detect early gastric cancer, esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions. Colorectal cancer screening: colonoscopy is preferred In recent years, the incidence of colorectal cancer in urban areas has risen to the third place in the incidence of malignant tumors. People with obesity, habitual constipation and family history of polyps are the high-risk group of colorectal cancer. Nowadays, colonoscopy is convenient and painless, and can detect many early polyp-like lesions, which can be removed under the microscope in time to prevent their malignant changes. Breast cancer screening: breast palpation, color B-ultrasound, digital mammography Breast cancer ranks first in the incidence of female tumors in China, accounting for about 16.8% of all female malignant tumors, with higher incidence in some coastal and big cities. The efficacy of breast cancer is closely related to the stage, the earlier it is detected and the earlier the stage, the better the treatment effect. Therefore, experts suggest that: the female population above 20 should receive breast palpation examination every 1-3 years; the female population above 40 should receive breast color ultrasound examination every year; women above 45 should receive breast color ultrasound and digital mammography examination every year. Especially for women with family history of breast cancer. Both of these exams should be performed within 1 week of menstruation, preferably during the fertile period. Breast color ultrasound and digital mammography have high sensitivity and specificity in detecting breast cancer, and can detect early breast cancer that cannot be detected by breast palpation. With the development of X-ray technology, the examination is more accurate and the patient is exposed to lower dose of X-ray, with less side effects, and the price is also cheaper. V. Liver cancer screening: serum fetoprotein test and liver color ultrasonography are preferred The World Health Organization reported that about 50% of the new liver cancer cases worldwide in 2012 occurred in China. Lung cancer was the first malignant cancer death in China in 2012, followed by liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer. Since the occurrence of liver cancer is mostly insidious, once the clinical diagnosis is clear, most of the cases are already in the advanced stage of liver cancer, and the best time for treatment is often lost. However, in clinical work, it is often found that liver cancer occurs mostly in specific groups of people, which are also known as “high-risk groups of liver cancer”. For example, patients with hepatitis and cirrhosis, those who are exposed to aflatoxin for a long time, those who drink pond water or ditch water contaminated by green cyanobacteria, those who are addicted to alcohol or alcohol plus smoking, and those who have cirrhosis or liver cancer in their family are all “high risk groups for liver cancer”. People over 40 years old, especially those who are at high risk of liver cancer, should have regular AFP tests and liver color ultrasound examinations. Cervical cancer screening: cervical exfoliation cell examination and HPV testing are preferred Cervical cancer, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer are also the three most common tumors in women. Women who have already had sex should have regular gynecological checkups and apply effective screening methods under the guidance of doctors, so that early detection of cervical lesions is entirely possible. It is advisable for women to have cervical exfoliative cell examination and HPV (human papillomavirus) test during physical examination to exclude cervical cancer or precancerous lesions. Cervical exfoliative cytology is able to detect lesions through cellular blood tests when they are not yet visible to the naked eye. This test is simple, painless and convenient. The doctor only needs to use a small brush to brush off the cells shed from the cervix. A gynecological exam, or pelvic ultrasound, or tumor marker test is also recommended. When the doctor suspects a cervical lesion and there are abnormalities in the cytology, a biopsy is taken under direct vision or colposcopy using a biopsy forceps to bite into the cervical lesion and a little or a lot of tissue is taken for pathological examination. The biopsy tissue is made into a pathology slide and the diagnosis is made by a pathologist under a microscope. Pathological histological diagnosis is the criterion for confirming the diagnosis of cervical cancer. Several aspects combined can serve as a basic effective screening for all gynecologic tumors.