Myelodysplastic syndrome, abbreviated as MDS, is a common disease, and as one of the most common hematologic malignant diseases, it is no less serious than lymphoma and leukemia, with a poor healing process. MDS is characterized by ineffective bone marrow hematopoiesis, refractory hematocrit, and hematopoietic failure. Anemia can trigger symptoms such as fatigue and weakness in patients. Low white blood cells are equivalent to our country without an army, germs in the middle of the environment come to invade the patient at any time, and he can get a life-threatening infection at any time. Thrombocytopenia can cause bleeding, and in severe cases, cerebral hemorrhage, blood in the stool and blood in the urine are life-threatening. The specific cause of myelodysplastic syndrome is not clear, but genetic factors, treatment with radiotherapy, long-term exposure to industrial chemicals, and smoking are all factors that may trigger the disease. Nowadays, people’s living conditions have improved and their demands on the living environment have increased, unaware that a terrible killer has also “entered the room” and is secretly hidden around us, which is “benzene”, hidden in the adhesives and organic solvents of various decoration materials. “After entering the body through the respiratory tract, benzene is metabolized by the liver to produce carcinogenic substances, which are pro-bone marrow and affect the synthesis of DNA causing leukemia, or the so-called “pre-leukemia”, also known as MDS. Benzene in hair dyes and gasoline is also a common source of exposure. According to the disease risk stratification and individual patient factors, treatment options for patients include supportive therapy, low-intensity therapy, high-intensity therapy and demethylating drug therapy. Among them, supportive therapy lies in relieving patients’ symptoms through blood transfusion and cell growth factor therapy; low-intensity therapy is used to stimulate normal residual hematopoietic stem cells and improve the hematopoietic efficiency of diseased hematopoietic clones through the use of immunosuppressive drugs; high-intensity therapy includes stem cell transplantation and chemotherapy. Traditional Chinese medicine is more effective for this disease, and a combination of traditional Chinese medicine and cytokines is recommended for those who can afford it.