Infective endocarditis refers to inflammation of the heart valves or the endothelium of the ventricular wall due to direct infection by bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, and is distinct from non-infective endocarditis due to rheumatic fever, rheumatoid fever, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc. What are the manifestations of infective endocarditis? The typical clinical manifestations of infective endocarditis include fever, heart murmur, anemia, embolism, skin damage and splenomegaly. Fever is the most common, and the fever pattern is variable, with irregularities being the most frequent. 70% to 90% of patients have progressive anemia, sometimes to a severe degree, and some patients often have mild to moderate splenomegaly, which may be painful on pressure. How is infective endocarditis diagnosed? 1. Blood culture: 75% to 85% of patients have a positive blood culture. Positive blood cultures are the most direct evidence for the diagnosis of the disease. 2, general laboratory tests: erythrocyte count and hemoglobin count are reduced, occasionally hemolysis may occur, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is mostly increased. 3.Electrocardiogram: generally non-specific. It may show characteristic changes in case of complications of embolic myocardial infarction and pericarditis. 4, echocardiography: the redundancy on the valve can be detected by echocardiography, especially in blood culture positive infective endocarditis plays a particularly important role, can detect the location, size, number and morphology of the redundancy. 5. Serum immunology: circulating immune complexes are positive in about 90% of patients, which is higher than in septic patients without endocarditis and has differential diagnostic value, especially in those with negative blood cultures. How is infective endocarditis treated? The main treatment includes medication and surgery. Pharmacological treatment should include larger doses of antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin, cephalosporins, etc. In case of severe infection, vancomycin is available. The development of surgical treatment has reduced the mortality rate of infective endocarditis, especially in those with significant heart failure. Surgical procedures include removal of infected foci and prosthetic valve replacement.