With the advent of the 21st century and the rapid development of technology, the issue of male reproductive health has increasingly attracted the attention of various countries and regions. In particular, the social and family problems caused by male infertility are important factors that affect both men and women and family harmony. With the rapid development of human society and the changing spectrum of diseases, the incidence of male infertility in China is on the rise. Infertility is an important health problem with a high incidence, affecting 10-20% of couples. About 50% of infertility is caused by male factors, and there is a growing trend year by year 1. WHO lists male infertility with cardiovascular disease and tumors as the three major diseases affecting human life and health today. The causes of male infertility are obstruction or physical blockage of the reproductive tract, inflammatory or immune factors and sexual dysfunction, but up to 60%-75% of patients cannot find the cause, called idiopathic male infertility, mostly accompanied by azoospermia or oligospermia. The incidence of azoospermia is about 2% in the general population and up to 10-20% in male infertility, and is divided into obstructive azoospermia and non-obstructive azoospermia. NOA is characterized by azoospermia, elevated FSH, and blockage of spermatogenesis in the testicular varicocele, and even the absence of spermatogenic epithelial cells, leaving only supporting cells. In recent years, the incidence of NOA has increased, and about 10-15% of non-obstructive azoospermia is associated with Y chromosome microdeletion.2 However, the causes or pathways of sperm production defects or abnormalities in most patients with NOA are still unclear, and the regulatory mechanisms of miRNA on germ cell production disorders are still poorly understood. Although some progress has been made in assisted reproductive technologies such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), ICSI bypasses the natural selection mechanism in the process of sperm formation and carries the risk of passing genetic defects to the next generation. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of spermatogenesis disorders is important for elucidating the etiology of non-obstructive azoospermia and thus for the treatment of idiopathic male infertility.