Osteoporosis (osteoporosis) is a decrease in the amount of bone tissue within each unit. Bone growth and development begins in the embryonic period and continues for more than 20 years after birth. In adults, the amount of bone no longer changes, but bone metabolism continues unabated, i.e. the two processes of bone production and bone resorption are in balance. After age over 40 years, bone production remains constant, but bone resorption increases, and after several decades the amount of bone tissue is only half the amount it was at age 30. Once the density of bone decreases to the point where it becomes difficult to tolerate the stresses to which it is subjected in daily life, pathological fractures can occur. Factors related to osteoporosis: 1. Hormonal regulation disorders, such as estrogen, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, active vitamin D, thyroxine, androgens, adrenocorticotropic hormone and other regulatory disorders. 2, nutritional deficiencies, such as inadequate calcium intake, the body in order to maintain the level of serum calcium, we must release the calcium in the bone to the blood, resulting in a gradual decrease in the amount of calcium in the bone, causing osteoporosis; micronutrient deficiency; long-term protein nutrition deficiency; vitamin C deficiency, so that osteoblasts secrete less intercellular matrix, affecting the formation of bone matrix and collagen maturation disorders, resulting in osteoporosis; alcohol abuse, smoking, excessive coffee and caffeine intake. Excessive coffee and caffeine intake are also risk factors for osteoporosis. The main external factors that affect bone development and remodeling are mechanical weight-bearing stress, reduced bone mass and osteoporosis when exercise is reduced, such as cast braking after fracture, nerve and spinal cord injury and long-term bed-ridden patients. When daylight exposure is low, it can make vitamin D deficiency, also prone to osteoporosis. 4, immune dysfunction and the development of osteoporosis has a certain relationship, a variety of cytokines and humoral factors are related to abnormal bone metabolism. 5, the factors of age and gender, after the epiphysis is closed, the morphology of bones changes, and the area of periosteum and endosteum are increasing. After the age of over 40 years, the area of endosteum increases rapidly, the number of cortical bone gradually decreases, and bone trabeculae are also gradually reduced, more obviously in women than in men. The average annual decrease was 0.5%. The difference between the sexes in the process of bone tissue reduction was significant. The rate of decrease is 0.5-0.75% per year for men and 1.5-2% for women, even up to 3%. Bone resorption is generally greater than bone formation starting at age 40 for women and after age 50 for men. The mineral salts and matrix of bone are reduced and bone volume tends to decline. After menopause in women, the rapid loss of bone mass, prone to postmenopausal osteoporosis. 6, disease-induced osteoporosis, such as diabetes, hyperthyroidism, chronic digestive system diseases (intestinal tuberculosis, chronic enteritis, steatorrhea, acidosis, biliary cirrhosis, chronic pancreatitis, intestinal fluid secretion disorders, etc.), malignant tumors (such as multiple myeloma, leukemia, lymphoma, mastocytosis), rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, homocystinuria, gonadal function Hypogonadism, etc. 7, drug osteoporosis, such as long-term application of adrenocorticosteroids. 8, chronic ethanolism caused by long-term alcohol abuse. At present, the main means of diagnosing osteoporosis is the measurement of bone density, and X-ray, etc. It is generally said that if it is less than 1 SD (mean difference) of the average value of normal bone density, it is suspicious, and if it is less than 2 SD, the diagnosis of osteoporosis can be confirmed. There are also X-rays of bone cortical thinning, compression fractures, etc. are the basis of diagnosis. The most important issue is how to prevent and control, in addition to general health promotion and physical exercise, reasonable diet and calcium supplementation is very important, dairy products, fresh vegetables, beans contain high calcium, such as a cup of milk contains about 200 mg of calcium, so you can not be partial and anorexic. There is a lot of debate about calcium supplementation, except that patients with kidney stones should pay attention to the amount of calcium intake, generally 800-1200 mg of calcium per day, while taking vitamin D to help calcium absorption, which can greatly reduce the incidence of fractures, and now there are many drugs can be treated, such as bisphosphonates, diclofenac, vitamin D, etc., are effective in the treatment of osteoporosis, under the guidance of experienced doctors and reasonable application, can completely bring the condition under control. The condition can be completely controlled.