Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass and degeneration of bone microarchitecture, which in turn leads to an increase in bone fragility and a decrease in strength. The main risk lies in the greatly increased likelihood of fractures. Primary osteoporosis is mainly related to the natural aging process of the body, while secondary osteoporosis is mainly related to a number of diseases, drugs, physical and chemical factors, nutritional status and even personal habits. Although the occurrence and development of primary osteoporosis depends mainly on genetic predisposition, the role played by acquired factors and interventions must not be underestimated, at least to slow down its process and to reduce and mitigate its complications. According to the general rule of bone volume change, human life can be divided into three stages: (1) the period of rising bone volume, from birth to more than 30 years old; (2) the period of bone metabolic balance, generally 30-50 years old for women and 30-70 years old for men; (3) the period of decreasing bone volume. The prevention principles for different stages should be focused: the first stage is a comprehensive measure based on calcium supplementation, nutrition and physical exercise to obtain the best peak bone mass; the second stage is based on good and healthy living habits, while preventing various diseases and factors that cause large bone mass loss; the third stage in good and healthy living habits at the same time, often already need to cooperate with some drug treatment to prevent bone mass further loss. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis should be a lifelong issue that requires attention. In summary, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis should include the following aspects: i. Diet and healthy lifestyle habits: (1) Adequate calcium intake from the fetus to obtain optimal peak bone mass. (2) Avoid high sodium diet and moderate protein. Moderate amounts of protein and calories are necessary for bone growth, but excess protein can cause increased urinary calcium excretion. (3) Choose foods with high calcium content, such as dairy products, soy products, sesame paste, sea rice, etc. (4) Balanced diet, pay attention to food supplements rich in vitamin D, K, C, A and trace elements, including cod liver oil, sardines, egg yolk, liver, red, yellow and green leafy vegetables, etc. (5) Regular physical activity and more sunlight. (6) Avoid heavy smoking, drinking alcohol, coffee, cola, etc. (7) Maintain a reasonable weight. Second, actively treat some related diseases, such as endocrine metabolic diseases, etc. Third, drug treatment: (1) calcium, the more ideal is calcium carbonate. It is especially suitable for children, pregnant women and the elderly. (2) Vitamin D, preferably active vitamin. (3) Female hormones, used for menopausal women. (4) Calcitonin. (5) Diphosphonates, etc. These drugs often require different combinations according to different conditions, and sometimes some necessary monitoring, so they should be used reasonably under the guidance of a professional doctor.