Cognitive psychology is a psychological trend that emerged in the West in the mid-1950s. In the late 1970s, American psychologist George Miller founded “cognitive neuroscience”, which began to become a major research direction in Western psychology. It studies the higher mental processes of human beings, mainly cognitive processes, such as attention, perception, representation, memory, thinking and language, etc. The 21st century will become the “century of the brain”, and exploring the relationship between cognition and the brain (mind-brain relationship) has become a hot spot in science, and the development of various brain imaging techniques provides a powerful means for the study of brain cognition. There is a consensus among neuro-oncologists that enlarged resection of malignant gliomas can prolong the survival of patients. However, how to improve the quality of life of patients while improving the survival rate after surgery is a key factor in evaluating the success of glioma treatment. Currently, our neurosurgeons have a limited understanding of the brain, which is mostly confined to anatomical understanding. in the early 20th century, the German neuroanatomist Korbinian Brodmann applied tissue staining to describe the characteristics of 52 different brain regions, which is the classical Brodmann’s partition (see the figure below), and subsequently, many anatomists have devoted themselves to this work, and have been accurately refined to support the idea that Subsequently, many anatomists invested in this work and refined it to support the localization view that different brain regions represent different functions, which is called local localizationism in modern neuroscience.Brodmann’s Brain 52 Partitioning Method is still the main reference of the brain function partitioning method to guide our clinical work. Schematic diagram of Brodmann Brain 52 Zoning Method In clinical work, the anatomical location of Brodmann Brain 52 Zoning Method is intuitive, for example, we can easily find the motor area, sensory area, language area and so on, but it is still very difficult to locate the “higher cortical functions” such as human thinking and memory. Neuroscientist Hughlings pointed out that when a certain part of the damage may produce specific symptoms, it does not mean that the damage site only has that kind of function, a kind of damage may also affect the other structures of the brain, because the damaged part may have neurons connected with other brain areas.Hughlings this point of view is called holistic theory in modern neuroscience. Stephen, a professor of psychology at Harvard University, provides a comprehensive summary of the debate between local localizers and holists: “The mistake of early localizers was to try to localize behaviors and perceptions in a single part of the cerebral cortex. Any given behavior and perception is supported by multiple brain regions, localized in multiple parts of the brain. Thus, the key to resolving this debate is to recognize that complex functions such as perception, memory, reasoning, and locomotion are all enabled by many underlying processes performed in a single region of the brain. Indeed, the various functions of the brain can be realized through many different pathways, each involving a combination of different processes. Thus, no complex function is realized by a single brain region. So, in this sense, holists are correct. Supporters of the holistic theorist point out that various brain functions are not localized to a single brain region. However, the simple processes that realize these functions are localized to specific brain regions, and in this sense, the localizationists are correct.” In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed and the U.S. President signed the “Decade of the Brain,” and brain science research was carried out on a global scale, and from the beginning of the 21st century, the U.S. initiated the “Decade of Behavior,” whose purpose is to make a concerted, multidisciplinary effort to promote the study of behavior and social science. The purpose of the Decade is to promote research in behavioral and social sciences through multidisciplinary efforts. Brain and cognitive sciences have been included in China’s medium- and long-term development plan. Cognitive neuroscience is an emerging discipline developed at the intersection of traditional psychology, biology, information science, computational science, biomedical engineering, and physics, mathematics, philosophy, etc. It aims to elucidate the neural mechanisms of higher human activities such as self-consciousness, thought and imagination, and language. We believe that neurosurgeons should have a deeper understanding of brain hemispheric function, which requires neurosurgeons to correctly deal with the relationship between brain tumor resection and the protection of brain cognitive function on the basis of the current research in brain cognitive science, in order to prolong the survival time of the patients and at the same time, improve the quality of their survival. It is difficult to evaluate the prognostic survival quality of gliomas, especially for a particular individual it is difficult to state the high or low quality of the patient’s postoperative survival. Physicians may not share the same concern for quality of survival as the patient and the patient’s family. However, neurosurgeons cannot just pursue simple basic human activities such as whether a limb is paralyzed or whether it can speak. After all, human beings are animals with advanced mental activities. Therefore, we believe that the factors recognized by both doctors and patients as influencing the evaluation of prognostic criteria should be: 1) comparison of the patient’s physical status before and after treatment; 2) changes in emotions and sexual life; 3) family, social ethics and behavior; 4) occupational changes and learning and planning ability. For pediatric patients, mental and psychological evaluation should also be conducted to observe the effect of treatment on intelligence, psychology and daily behavior. In order to better carry out brain tumor surgery, we neurosurgeons need to deepen our understanding of cognitive neuroscience, and we need to proactively cooperate with scientists from psychology, biology, information science, computational science, biomedical engineering, philosophy and other disciplines in order to carry out research on brain cognitive science and better serve our patients.