The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the body, with an average weight of about 20 grams to 25 grams. Its main function is to synthesize thyroid hormones to regulate the metabolism of substances and energy as well as the growth and development of the body. The increasing pace of life, the improvement of treatment technology and the concern for people’s health are the reasons for the increasing number of thyroid disorders. Functional changes such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and subthyroiditis can be detected early with obvious clinical symptoms, while organic changes such as goiter, thyroid nodules, and thyroid tumors are often confusing due to their insidious and asymptomatic nature, and there is a wide range of clinical opinions on whether to stay or go. The most common thyroid abnormality is the thyroid nodule. This is the easiest lesion to detect clinically and is also the most confusing change. In fact, thyroid nodules are very common in the population, accounting for 30-70% of the total population, and are especially common in older female patients. Ultrasound is the most direct and sensitive diagnostic tool, and fine needle aspiration is the most effective means of differentiation. Benign thyroid nodules tend to show slow growth, uniform texture with good mobility, smooth surface without lymph node enlargement, and cystic changes without calcification. Although calcification needs to be alerted to malignancy, do not take calcification as an indication of malignancy, if it is irregular or punctate calcification, it tends to be malignant. If the thyroid nodule grows rapidly and irregularly in shape in a short period of time, with enlarged and fused lymph nodes and involvement of surrounding tissues with hoarseness and neck discomfort, one should be alert to the possibility of malignancy and malignant changes. Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid gland is a clinically useful and sensitive means of identifying benign and malignant thyroid nodules, and can detect more than 80% of thyroid malignancies. If necessary, thyroid scans and hematological tests can be used to confirm the diagnosis of malignant changes in about 90% of cases before surgery. Therefore, if a thyroid nodule is found clinically, there is no need to be nervous, neither to be rash nor to be left alone. According to statistics, more than 95 thyroid nodules are benign changes. Taking a step back, even if they are malignant changes, most thyroid cancers develop slowly, called malignant changes, and benign progression, and even some microscopic cancers can accompany people for a lifetime without affecting their life expectancy. Clinically, the next treatment plan is determined mainly by ultrasound features, puncture results and progression. If the change is benign, follow-up is sufficient. If it is suspected malignant, repeated punctures or surgery can be done electively. If malignancy is determined, the extent of surgery and whether isotope therapy or radiation therapy is determined based on the degree of malignancy. The prognosis is good. Only very rare undifferentiated and medullary carcinomas develop rapidly, and other rare thyroid lymphomas may be treated with chemotherapy after diagnosis.