My idea: With the control of organ harvesting from death row inmates, patients with liver failure have less and less chance to wait for liver transplantation, how to effectively treat cirrhosis, liver failure and other end-stage liver diseases, stem cell transplantation will become a new way of liver failure treatment, my scientific research team has carried out basic and experimental research in stem cell therapy, I will go to Germany in March to investigate and demand international cooperation, hoping to bring liver failure I will go to Germany in March and demand international collaboration, hoping to bring good news to the treatment of liver failure. In the first Cell article, researchers at Columbia University School of Medicine discovered these osteochondroreticular reticular (OCR, biolingual) stem cells by tracking a protein expressed by the cells. Using this marker, the researchers discovered that these OCR cells can self-renew and regenerate a number of important osteoblasts and chondrocytes, including osteoblasts and chondrocytes. The researchers also demonstrated that when these OCR stem cells were transplanted to fracture sites, they could promote bone repair. In the first Cell article, researchers at Columbia University School of Medicine identified these osteochondroreticular (OCR, biolingual) stem cells by tracking a protein expressed by the cells. Using this marker, the researchers discovered that these OCR cells can self-renew and regenerate a number of important osteoblasts and chondrocytes, including osteoblasts and chondrocytes. The researchers also demonstrated that when transplanted into fracture sites, these OCR stem cells can promote bone repair. The researchers believe that these OCR cells would also be present in human bone tissue, as mice and humans have similar bone biology. Further studies will lead to a deeper understanding of how to prevent and treat osteoporosis, osteoarthritis or fractures. The study also shows that these OCR cells are distinct from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that play a role in osteogenesis during development and adulthood. Researchers previously believed that MSCs were the source of all bone, cartilage and fat, but some recent studies have shown that these cells do not produce new bone and cartilage. This study from Columbia University School of Medicine suggests that OCR stem cells actually fill this function, and that in adults OCR stem cells and MSCs together contribute to bone maintenance and repair. The researchers also suggest that it is possible that OCR cells play a role in soft tissue cancer. And in a second Cell paper, researchers at Stanford Medical School report that they found stem cells in mice that generate bone, cartilage, and the stroma, a key component of bone marrow. In addition, the researchers mapped the chemical signals that can generate skeletal stem cells and guide their development into each specific tissue. This finding lays the groundwork for the development of a variety of potential therapies to treat skeletal diseases such as fractures, incomplete bone formation, osteosarcoma or damaged cartilage. Initially, the researchers focused on rapidly dividing cell populations at the ends of mouse bones, and then confirmed that these cell populations could form all the components of bone: bone, cartilage and matrix – the spongy tissue positioned in the center of the bone that helps transform hematopoietic stem cells into blood cells and immune cells. Through various efforts, they then identified a cell type that could form all of these components of bone. The scientists then further mapped out a developmental tree of skeletal stem cells, tracing exactly how they transform into intermediate progenitor cells and eventually into various types of skeletal tissue. Mapping this developmental tree gave the researchers a deeper understanding of all the genetic switches that must be flipped to generate the more specialized progenitor cells and ultimately the highly specialized cells. With this information, the researchers were able to find factors that, given in the right amounts at the right time, would guide the development of skeletal stem cells into bone, cartilage or stromal cells Furthermore, in addition to understanding how to generate bone, cartilage and stromal cells from skeletal stem cells, the researchers also discovered ways to generate skeletal stem cells using adipocytes or muscle cells. The ability to reprogram mature adipocytes directly into skeletal stem cells by applying some specific signals is really interesting and unexpected, the researchers said. This raises some fascinating possibilities for future treatments, such as placing some of the patient’s own fat on a mimetic scaffold, allowing it to grow into bone, and then transplanting the new bone to the site where it is needed.