Antiviral therapy Lamivudine or entecavir, tenofovir antiviral therapy can reduce the risk of death in patients with hepatitis B virus-associated chronic and acute liver failure in early to mid-stage. 2.Glucocorticoid therapy According to the guidelines for the treatment of liver failure, non-viral infected liver failure is an indication for glucocorticoid application; early stage of liver failure caused by other causes can be treated with glucocorticoids if the disease develops rapidly and there are no serious infections, bleeding and other complications. Glucocorticoid therapy can improve the survival rate of patients with autoimmune hepatitis and severe alcoholic hepatitis; for chronic hepatitis B (CHB), glucocorticoids need to be given on the basis of control with nucleotide analogues, which can help prevent hepatocyte death. 3. Liver stem cell transplantation The efficacy is controversial. Expression of CD39 on bone marrow stem cells has been found to promote cell activation and liver tissue regeneration. 4.Hepatic stimulating substance (HSS) Liver regeneration enhancing factor (ALR) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), hepatopoietin have some efficacy. 5.Liver transplantation is the only treatment to achieve a 5-year survival rate of 85% for patients with hepatitis B virus-related slow-accelerated liver failure. Artificial liver support therapy including molecular adsorption recirculation system (MARS) and plasma exchange can gain valuable time to wait for liver transplantation.