1.Definition of male infertility? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a couple who has lived together for more than one year without using any contraception and whose female partner is infertile due to male factors is called male infertility. Both men and women account for 50% of the causes of infertility and infertility. Male infertility is not an independent disease, but the result of one or many diseases or factors. 2.What causes infertility? Male infertility is the result of a variety of disease factors, and there are still 60% to 75% of patients for whom no cause can be found (clinically known as idiopathic male infertility). It is usually divided into pre-testicular, testicular and post-testicular segments depending on the disease and the interfering factors or the reproductive segments affected. Pre-testicular factors: The impairment of reproductive function in this group of patients is secondary to hormonal imbalance in the body. These include thalamic disorders, pituitary disorders, and endogenous or exogenous hormonal abnormalities. ② Testicular factors: congenital abnormalities (chromosomal or genetic abnormalities, cryptorchidism, androgenic dysfunction, etc.), gonadotoxins, systemic diseases, infections (orchitis), testicular trauma and surgery, and immunological factors (due to positive auto-anti-sperm antibodies). ③ Post-testicular factors: obstruction of the vas deferens, sperm dysfunction or motility, immune infertility, infection, sexual intercourse or ejaculatory dysfunction. 3.What tests are needed for male infertility? If you have been living together after marriage and have not given birth, if your wife is fine after examination, the man should go to the hospital for examination in time to find out the cause and treat it early. In the hospital urology or male department, the following examinations are performed in order: ① medical history: mumps, trauma, etc.; ② physical examination: how the testicles are developed, whether the vas deferens can be reached, etc.; ③ laboratory examination: semen analysis, seminal plasma biochemistry, AZF gene, sex hormones, chromosomes, etc.; ④ imaging examination: MR, B ultrasound, etc.; ⑤ testicular biopsy, such as sperm quality examination found azoospermia. 4, which common daily habits can lead to infertility? (1) Smoking: Most people know that smoking is the most damaging to the lungs, but they do not know that it is not a small damage to sperm. Nicotine in cigarettes is a mutagenic substance for sperm, which can affect the maturation and proliferation of germ cells. Nicotine can lead to testicular damage, reduced reproductive function, sperm damage, malformation, reduction, stunting, and reduced viability. In addition, smoking can also inhibit the level of plasma testosterone, which reduces libido and even causes erectile dysfunction. (2) Drinking alcohol: The level of testosterone in men’s bodies can be significantly reduced after drinking large amounts of alcohol, leading to a reduced libido and even a tendency to impotence. Similarly, long-term alcohol consumption will also lead to elevated blood triglycerides and atherosclerosis, making sexual dysfunction worse. (3) long time driving: long time driving, sedentary will lead to increased scrotal temperature, and high temperature will have a negative impact on the production of sperm in the testes, resulting in a reduction in the number of sperm and a higher percentage of malformations. Prolonged driving leading to male infertility may be related to the following factors: high temperature; lack of oxygen and poor waste metabolism in testes and epididymis; emotional stress; gasoline additives; car noise; car exhaust. (4) Drugs: ①Anti-tumor drugs, most of which may affect male fertility, such as cyclophosphamide, vincristine and cisplatin, can destroy the spermatogenic cells of the testes and reduce the spermatogenic function of the testes. There are also some anti-tumor drugs that can directly interfere with the synthesis of sperm DNA, causing changes in sperm genetic material, chromosomal abnormalities and malformations. ②Antibiotics. ③Sleeping pills, antidepressants and atropine. ④Anti-hypertensive drugs. ⑤Hormonal drugs. ⑥Chinese herbal medicines, such as tretinoin, camphor, musk, etc. (5) Zinc deficiency: Some studies have shown that the reduced fertility of some male infertility patients is related to the lack of trace elements in the body, of which zinc is particularly important. When the body is deficient in zinc can cause changes in the nature and function of enzymes, on the one hand, making the testicular interstitial cells synthesize and secrete less testosterone, affecting testicular function, which in turn affects the production of sperm, on the other hand, affecting the liquefaction of semen and the normal movement of sperm, thus causing infertility. You can eat more foods with high zinc content, such as pumpkin seeds, walnuts, peanuts, hazelnuts, pine nuts, fish, shrimp, loach, squid, sea cucumber, etc. Oral zinc preparations must be used under medical supervision. (6) Mumps: It has been reported that about 30% of post-pubertal mumps patients have combined orchitis, mostly unilateral, with a bilateral incidence of 10% to 30%. Irreversible testicular atrophy will occur months to years after infection, and the mumps virus can also cause inflammation of the reproductive ducts leading to blockage of the vas deferens, all of which can lead to azoospermia in adulthood. (7) Mobile phone radiation: It has been reported that electromagnetic radiation from cell phones can reduce the activity of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme in the testes of experimental mice, and can also produce reproductive toxicity by acting on mitochondria and impeding the energy metabolism of spermatogenic cells, especially spermatozoa. Whether such effects exist in humans needs to be further explored. It is believed that normal cell phone use does not damage testicular spermatogenic cells, but the effects of electromagnetic waves on the human body do exist, depending on the degree of cell phone use. You can reduce electromagnetic radiation in your daily life by minimizing the number of times you use your cell phone, turning it off when you sleep, and charging it in time when the power is low. 5.What preparations and preoperative tests are needed for in vitro fertilization (IVF)? (1) Preparation: After the infertile couple has given informed consent to receive IVF treatment, and after examination to exclude genetic diseases, infectious diseases, sexually transmitted diseases and acute urogenital tract infections, the female partner should undergo tubal patency examination, ovulation function test and assessment of uterine implantation conditions to improve the preoperative preparation, the male partner should abstain from sex for 3 to 5 days before semen collection, abstain from smoking, drinking alcohol and avoiding drugs that may harm sperm. The male partner should abstain from smoking, alcohol and drugs that may harm sperm for 3 to 5 days before semen collection, and abstain from smoking, alcohol and drugs that may harm sperm. (2) Pre-operative examination: If both partners have not had any children, chromosome examination is required. After the chromosomal examination is normal, other examination items can be performed. The male partner’s examination items mainly include blood and semen. Blood test mainly includes HIV, RPR, HCV, hepatitis B and half, liver and kidney function, blood type, etc.; semen test mainly includes semen quality analysis, mycoplasma, chlamydia, etc. If the male partner has abnormal semen, he also needs to add genital ultrasound, hormone testing, etc. The more advanced semen routine graphic analysis equipment introduced by our hospital plays an important role in evaluating male fertility.