Thalassemia (thalassemia for short), a genetic blood disorder, is one of the genetic diseases with the highest incidence and greatest impact in the provinces south of the Yangtze River in China. Its pathogenesis is the imbalance between the synthesis rate of α and β globin peptide chains that synthesize hemoglobin, resulting in abnormal structure of hemoglobin, which reduces the deformability of red blood cells containing abnormal hemoglobin and shortens their life span, and can be destroyed by the liver and spleen of human body in advance, leading to anemia and even abnormal development. I. Is thalassemia serious? Usually, thalassemia is divided into 4 types, such as α, β, δβ and δ, among which α and β thalassemia are more common. And according to the different severity of the disease, it is divided into the following types: 1. Light: the patient is asymptomatic or mildly anemic, and the spleen is not large or mildly large. The course of the disease passes well and can survive to old age. This type is easy to be overlooked and is mostly found during family investigation of heavy patients. 2.Intermediate type: Most of the symptoms appear in early childhood, and its clinical manifestations are between light and heavy, with moderate anemia, light or moderately large spleen, optional xanthogranuloma, and mild skeletal changes. 3.Heavy α-digestive anemia: also known as Hb Bart’s fetal edema syndrome, is a fatal hematological disease. The affected fetus often dies in utero or within half an hour after delivery at 23-40 weeks of gestation due to severe anemia and hypoxia. 4. Heavy β-digestive anemia: also known as Cooley’s anemia. The child is asymptomatic at birth and starts to develop at 3-6 months of age with chronic progressive anemia, pale face, large liver and spleen, dysplasia, and often mild xanthogranuloma, and has a typical special face of thalassemia, and the symptoms become more and more obvious with age. When complicated with iron-containing hemoglobinosis, it causes symptoms of damage to the heart muscle, liver, pancreas and pituitary gland due to excessive iron deposition in these organs, the most serious of which is heart failure, which is one of the important causes of death in children. It is the wish of every family to have a healthy baby. There is no definite, universal and fundamental effective treatment for thalassemia, and the treatment cost is extremely expensive, which brings great economic pressure and mental torture to both patients and families, so premarital and prenatal checkups are especially important. It is important to know whether you are a carrier of thalassemia before marriage and to screen and diagnose thalassemia before delivery to prevent the birth of children with thalassemia major (thalassemia children) and to improve the quality of the population.