Thalassemia, also called marine anemia, is a genetic disorder. Thalassemia is a group of genetic defects resulting in anemia, a disease in which red blood cells are easily destroyed due to an abnormality in the bead protein, an important component of hemoglobin. Thalassemia is a harmful, highly prevalent and difficult-to-cure disease. Children with thalassemia come to the hospital for blood transfusions almost once a month, which is heartbreaking to watch. In case of thalassemia, examination is the most important step, because only after the examination can we know whether the disease is serious or not, how to pay attention to it or whether we need to be hospitalized. Treatment without examination is a blind treatment. Because thalassemia is an autosomal hereditary disease, therefore, the examination of thalassemia should generally be combined with the family genetic history, if there is a thalassemia gene in the family, there is a possibility of this disease, that is to say, if one of the husband and wife is a carrier of the thalassemia gene, then there is a possibility that their children will have 1/2 of the gene carriers; if both husband and wife are carriers of the gene, then there is only a possibility of 1/4 of the children born to them. If both spouses are carriers, their children have only a 1/4 chance of being normal. Patients with thalassemia major have specific symptoms of weakness, anemia, malaise, edema, hepatosplenomegaly, and jaundice after infancy. In this way, it is first necessary to draw blood for blood routine and hemoglobin electrophoresis test examination. Attention should be drawn to the patient after initially ruling out that the four indicators of HGB, MCV, MCH and MCHC are obviously low due to long-term vegetarianism, picky eating, chronic blood loss, and other reasons. If obvious abnormalities are found, go to the hematology department for bone marrow aspiration smear to determine the type of anemia, so as to clarify the follow-up treatment; for thalassemia patients or carriers who are preparing for pregnancy, they can be diagnosed through genetic testing, which is not able to diagnose all the genes of thalassemia, but can diagnose the common types of severe thalassemia.