The first line of defense is pre-marital testing. It is important for both men and women to know if they are carriers of the gene in order to predict the likelihood of conceiving a child. The second line of defense – prenatal diagnosis If you suspect that you may be pregnant with a child with toxaemia, further prenatal diagnosis of toxaemia is needed to prevent the birth of a child with toxaemia. Early intervention is the key to avoiding the birth of a child with toxaemia! When a couple is homozygous carriers of Thalassaemia, prenatal diagnosis is the way to go to avoid the birth of a child with Thalassaemia. 1. Transabdominal chorionic villus sampling: 11-14 weeks of pregnancy. Completely avoiding the fetus to extract a trace amount of intra-placental chorionic tissue, miscarriage rate of 1%. Advantages: early detection, early intervention. 2.Amniocentesis: 17-32 weeks of pregnancy, completely avoiding the fetus to extract 20ml of amniotic fluid, miscarriage rate 0.5-1%. 3.Umbilical cord blood puncture: after 32 weeks of pregnancy. Regular obstetric examination of pregnant women can be completely avoided. The process of anemia screening and prenatal diagnosis: How to cure the anemia? (There is no curative, effective and universal treatment in China yet.) Mild forms of anemia do not require special treatment, while intermediate or severe forms should be treated by one or more of the following methods: regular blood transfusion; iron removal treatment; bone marrow transplantation; umbilical cord blood transplantation. The most effective way of preventing the emergence of children with severe forms of anemia is through prenatal diagnosis! In addition, prenatal diagnosis with HLA typing: HLA typing is performed at the same time as prenatal diagnosis with a one-time specimen of chorionic villus or amniotic fluid, which reduces the risk of miscarriage and infections in pregnant women due to multiple punctures. The planned typing strategy can guide parents of children with severe forms of anemia to choose the correct cord blood donor, continue the pregnancy or terminate the pregnancy.