Thalassemia, also known as thalassemia maritimus and disorders of pearl protein production, is a group of hereditary hemolytic anemias, including β-thalassemia and α-thalassemia. The clinical symptoms of newborns with this group of diseases vary in severity. I. β thalassemia: 1, severe: children born with no symptoms, usually 3-12 months onset, chronic progressive anemia, pale, liver and spleen, dysplasia, often with mild jaundice, the symptoms with the growth of age and increasingly obvious. 1 year old cranial changes manifested in the skull, frontal elevation, high zygomatic bone, nasal bridge collapsed, the distance between the eyes to widen the formation of thalassemia special facial features. Children are easy to complicate bronchitis or pneumonia; 2. Mild type: children are asymptomatic or mildly anemic, spleen is not big or mildly big; 3. Intermediate type: most of the symptoms appear in the early childhood period, the clinical manifestation is between mild type and severe type, moderate anemia, mildly or moderately big spleen, jaundice may be present or absent, and the skeletal changes are mild. Second, α-thalassemia: 1, quiescent type: the child is asymptomatic; 2, light type: the child is asymptomatic; 3, intermediate type: the child is born with no obvious symptoms, and after infancy, anemia, fatigue and weakness, liver and spleen enlargement, mild jaundice gradually appear, and after school age, a special face similar to that of the severe β-thalassemia can appear; 4, severe type: the newborn often dies within half an hour after delivery, and presents with severe anemia, jaundice, and edema, hepatosplenomegaly, abdominal effusion, pleural effusion. No special treatment is needed for thalassemia of stationary or light type. Intermediate and severe thalassemia should be treated with general therapy, blood transfusion therapy, iron removal therapy, splenectomy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene activation therapy. General treatment is to pay attention to rest and improve nutrition, actively prevent infection, and appropriately supplement folic acid and vitamin E. For β-thalassemia major, appropriate amount of red blood cell transfusion should be given at an early stage in order to make the growth and development of the affected children close to normal and to prevent bone lesions.