Cooking oil and salt, not more than 25 grams or 30 grams of cooking oil and 6 grams of salt per day Four layers Milk and legumes, milk and milk products equivalent to 300 grams of fresh milk and soybeans and products equivalent to 30 grams to 50 grams of dry beans per day Three layers Fish, poultry, meat, eggs and other animal foods, 125 grams to 225 grams per day Two layers Vegetables and fruits, 300 grams to 500 grams and 200 grams to 400 grams per day respectively The bottom of the tower Cereals, 250 grams to 400 grams per day Balanced diet, reasonable nutrition, and health promotion In recent years, the dietary status of urban and rural residents in China has improved significantly, the average height of children and adolescents has increased, and the prevalence of malnutrition has decreased. However, in poor rural areas, there is still the problem of insufficient nutrition. At the same time, the dietary structure and lifestyle of Chinese residents have also undergone important changes, and the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases related to them, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia, has increased and has become a prominent problem threatening the health of the nation. In order to provide residents with the most fundamental and accurate information on healthy diet and guide them to maintain health with reasonable nutrition, the Chinese Nutrition Society was entrusted by the Ministry of Health to set up an expert committee to revise the Chinese Dietary Guidelines for Residents in 2006, which was issued by the Chinese Nutrition Society in 1997. After several discussions and revisions, and extensive consultation with experts, organizations and enterprises in related fields, the “Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents (2007)” (hereinafter referred to as “the Guidelines”) was finally formed and adopted by the expanded meeting of the Council of the Chinese Nutrition Society in September 2007. Based on the latest scientific evidence, the Guide discusses the current nutritional needs of Chinese residents and the main problems in their diets, and suggests action plans for practicing balanced diets to obtain reasonable nutrition, which is of general guidance to the general residents. The Guide consists of three parts: Dietary Guidelines for the General Population, Dietary Guidelines for Specific Populations and Balanced Diet Pita. There are 10 articles in the Dietary Guidelines for the General Population, which are suitable for normal people above 6 years old. These ten articles are: 1. Eat a variety of foods, mainly cereals, with coarse and fine grains 2. Eat more vegetables, fruits and potatoes 3. Eat dairy, soybeans or their products every day 4. Each entry has a summary of the central content of the entry and a scientific explanation of the terms, concepts and common problems involved in the entry. Some entries are accompanied by references. The dietary guidelines for specific groups are based on the physiological characteristics of each group and their nutritional needs. Specific groups include pregnant women, lactating mothers, infants, preschool children, children and adolescents, and the elderly. The dietary guidelines for specific populations over 6 years old are based on the 10 dietary guidelines for the general population. In order to help the general population practice the main contents of the Guidelines in their daily life, the expert committee revised the 1997 Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents (hereinafter referred to as the “Dietary Guidelines”) to visually show the types of food to be consumed daily, the reasonable quantity and the appropriate amount of physical activity. The instructions for the use of the Diet Pita also include the varieties of food interchangeable with each other and the pictures of the quantification of various types of food, providing the residents with operational guidance for reasonable dietary arrangement. The dietary pagoda is divided into five levels, containing the main types of food to be consumed every day. The position and area of each layer reflect the position and proportion of each food group in the diet. Cereals are at the bottom, each person should consume 250g~400g per day; vegetables and fruits are at the second layer, 300g~500g and 200g~400g per day; fish, poultry, meat, eggs and other animal foods are at the third layer, 125g~225g per day (50g~100g of fish and shrimp, 50g~75g of animal and poultry meat, 25g~50g of eggs); Milk and soy foods together in the fourth layer, should eat the equivalent of 300g of fresh milk and milk products and the equivalent of 30g~50g of dry beans and soybean products every day. The top of the fifth layer is cooking oil and salt, cooking oil should not exceed 25g or 30g per day, and salt should not exceed 6g. Since the average sugar intake of our residents is not much now, which has little effect on health, the dietary pagoda does not recommend the intake of sugar, but eating more sugar has the risk of increasing dental caries, children and adolescents should not eat too much sugar and foods and drinks with high sugar content. The issue of alcohol consumption is also stated in the Guidelines. The new dietary pagoda adds the image of water and physical activity, emphasizing the importance of drinking sufficient amount of water and increasing physical activity. Water is an important part of the diet and is essential for all life. Its requirement is mainly influenced by age, ambient temperature and physical activity. Lightly active adults living in mild climates should drink at least 1200mL (about 6 glasses) of water per day; this should be increased in hot or strong physical work conditions. Drinking insufficient or too much water can be harmful to human health. Drinking water should be a small number of times, to take the initiative, should not feel thirsty before drinking water. At present, most adults in China do not have enough physical activity or lack of physical exercise, should change the poor lifestyle of sedentary and less active, develop the habit of exercising every day, and insist on doing more physically demanding activities every day. It is recommended that adults perform physical activity equivalent to a cumulative total of more than 6,000 steps of walking every day, and if physical conditions allow, it is best to perform 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise. II. Features of the Guide The Guide is based on the principles of nutrition, closely combined with the actual situation of dietary consumption and nutritional status of Chinese residents, especially the data and information of the recent National Survey on Nutrition and Health of the Population, and is a scientific document to guide the majority of residents to practice balanced diet and obtain reasonable nutrition. Its purpose is to help Chinese residents make reasonable food choices and carry out an appropriate amount of physical activities, so as to improve people’s nutrition and health status, reduce or prevent the occurrence of chronic diseases, and improve the health quality of the nation. The “Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents (2007)” inherits and develops the main contents of the “Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents (1997)”, further improves and develops the contents of the dietary guidelines for the general population and the dietary guidelines for specific populations, rationalizes the order of the entries, highlights the relevance and practicality on the basis of adhering to the scientific basis; the contents are richer and more popular, the presentation is unconventional, and the scientific interpretation of the The main features include the following six points: 1. The new entries “Three meals should be distributed reasonably and snacks should be appropriate” and “Drink a sufficient amount of water every day and choose beverages reasonably” have been added, introducing water, snacks and beverages, which are closely related to health, into the content of the diet. The entries of “three meals should be distributed reasonably and snacks should be appropriate” and “drink enough water every day and choose beverages reasonably” have been introduced into the Chinese Dietary Guidelines, making the content more rich and comprehensive. 2. Under the entry of “Eat but not in excess, exercise every day to maintain a healthy weight” and in the dietary pagoda, it is clearly proposed that “it is recommended that adults should do physical activities equivalent to more than 6,000 steps of walking every day”, which provides a reference standard for guiding residents to exercise every day. 3. More specific quantitative indicators are proposed. For example, in the content of “coarse and fine”, “it is recommended to eat more than 50g of coarse grains every day”; in the content of “such as alcohol consumption should be limited”, it is clear that “It is recommended that adult men consume no more than 25g of alcohol a day, and adult women consume no more than 15g of alcohol a day.” 4. Under the concept of “reasonable nutrition and balanced diet”, emphasis is placed on the prevention of chronic diseases. There are two articles in the dietary guidelines for the general population that focus on the prevention of chronic diseases, namely “reduce the amount of cooking oil, eat a light and low-salt diet” and “not to eat too much, exercise every day, and maintain a healthy weight”. The other eight articles also have content related to the prevention of chronic diseases. 5. The form of presentation is unconventional, and the scientific interpretation of residents’ misconceptions and problems about diet. The Guide has increased the descriptions and references in the form of scientific explanations of the terms, concepts and common problems involved in the entries, which can help the in-depth understanding and practice of the entries; it adopts a question-and-answer format to answer common dietary problems and residents’ misunderstandings about nutrition; there are more charts and graphs providing rich scientific information; the terminology is explained in layman’s terms, and new concepts and discoveries in the frontier of nutrition are given as references to support them. The Guide is not only for professionals to understand the Guide, but also for the general public to practice the Guide in their lives. The content of the dietary guidelines for specific groups of people has been enriched and made more specific. In the 1997 Dietary Guidelines, the only entries for infants were “Encourage breastfeeding” and “Gradually add complementary foods after 4 months of breastfeeding” and less than 900 words of description. In the new Guidelines, infants are subdivided into 0-6 month old infants and 6-12 month old infants, and the number of dietary guidelines for 0-6 month old infants has increased to 6, with nearly 7,000 words of descriptions and reference curves for length and weight growth. Proper nutrition is the material basis of health, and balanced diet is the fundamental way of proper nutrition. Arranging daily diet and physical activities according to the entries of the Guide and with reference to the contents of the Dietary Pagoda is a bright path to health. With the rapid socio-economic development of China, the urbanization rate of China will gradually accelerate, and the threat of chronic diseases related to dietary nutrition to the health of Chinese residents will become more prominent. In the critical period of improving the nutritional health of our residents, timely intervention will have twice the effect with half the effort. It is hoped that the nutrition professionals will put in their best efforts, and that all walks of life will participate widely, so as to set off a new climax of propagating the dietary guidelines, promoting the dietary guidelines and practicing the dietary guidelines, so as to achieve the purpose of improving the nutrition and health status of all people, controlling and reducing chronic diseases, and laying a solid foundation of population quality for building a moderately prosperous society.