Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in gynecology, how many patients have cervical cancer?
Globally, more than 200,000 women die from cervical cancer every year, which is the second most common malignancy after breast cancer. In developing countries, cervical cancer tops the list. Some information shows that 131,500 new cases are found in China each year, with more rural than urban cases and more mountainous than plain areas, with the highest mortality rate in Shanxi and the lowest in Tibet. The mortality rate exceeds 15/100,000 in six provinces and regions, including Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan and Xinjiang
What is the region with the highest incidence of cervical cancer? And where is the lowest? What is the incidence rate in China?
In the world, the region with the highest incidence of cervical cancer is Colombia and the lowest is Israel. Our country is among the high incidence areas.
Why has the incidence of cervical cancer declined significantly in developed countries?
The incidence of cervical cancer has decreased significantly because early diagnosis and treatment of precancerous cervical lesions are widely and popularly carried out in developed countries. In contrast, early diagnosis is not yet widespread in developing countries, and 80% of patients are invasive cancer by the time they have symptoms, and the trend is younger. Because of economic and other reasons of bondage, the population in developing countries cannot recognize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of cervical precancerous lesions, while the emancipation of the mind and permissive behavior also lead to the trend of younger cervical cancer. In addition, since cervical precancerous lesions do not show any changes under visual observation, even to the extent that they appear as smooth cervix, by the time there are pathological changes under visual observation, such as cervical erosion, they are already invasive cancer. This is why regular gynecological examination and timely treatment are so important.
What are the causes of cervical cancer?
1. Early marriage, early childbirth and multiple births.
The prevalence rate is 3.9 times higher before the marriage age of 17 than after 18 years old, and the age of first birth is 3.2 times higher before than after 18 years old; the number of births is 2 times higher than that of less than 3 births.
2, sexual life factors.
Sexual life is too frequent, sexual life is not hygienic, men’s penis bracts too long by the accumulation of scale within the stimulation of carcinogenic substances, etc.
3, cervical erosion.
People with cervical erosion are significantly more likely to suffer from cervical cancer than those with smooth cervix.
4.Other factors.
(1) Viral infection
HPV infection and subclinical warts have the potential to become malignant.
Herpes Simplex Virus II (HSV II) can increase the risk of CIN by 2 times and the risk of carcinoma in situ by 8 times.
Other related infections are chlamydia and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV).
(2) disorders of estrogen secretion.
(3) Metabolic abnormalities
What are the clinical symptoms of cervical cancer?
In the early stage, it is often asymptomatic and not significantly different from chronic cervicitis, and sometimes even smooth, especially in elderly women with atrophied cervix. And once symptoms appear, the main manifestations are
1. Vaginal bleeding: Younger patients often show contact bleeding, which occurs during sex, gynecological examinations and after stool bleeding. The amount of bleeding can be more or less, depending on the size of the lesion and the invasion of blood vessels in the interstitium. Early bleeding is small, while more advanced lesions show heavy bleeding, which may cause fatal hemorrhage once they erode larger blood vessels. Younger patients may also present with prolonged periods, shortened cycles, and increased menstrual flow. Older patients often complain of irregular vaginal bleeding after menopause.
2.Vaginal discharge: Patients often complain of increased vaginal discharge, white or bloody, thin like watery or rice slop, with fishy odor. In late stage, due to the rupture of cancer tissue, tissue necrosis and secondary infection, a large amount of purulent or rice-soup-like foul-smelling leucorrhea is discharged.
3.Symptoms of advanced cancer: When the lesion spreads to the surrounding pelvic tissues, patients often complain of frequent urination, urgent urination, anal swelling, constipation, post-urgency, swelling and pain of lower limbs, etc. In serious cases, it leads to ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis, and finally causes uremia. At the end of the disease, patients may show cachexia such as emaciation, anemia, fever and general failure.
4. During the examination, early stage cervical cancer has no obvious local lesions and smooth or mild asymmetric cervical erosion, which is very difficult to distinguish from general cervical erosion. In late stage, due to necrosis and shedding of cancer tissue, sunken ulcers are formed and the whole cervix is sometimes replaced by a hollow cavity covered with gray-brown necrotic tissue and malodorous.
Cervical cancer