Psychotherapy I. Concept Psychotherapy is a professional process of interpersonal interaction aimed at helping people. The therapist influences the patient or other client through verbal and non-verbal means to induce positive changes in psychological and somatic functioning for the purpose of treating illness and promoting recovery. The therapist’s words, expressions, demeanor and behavior, as well as specially arranged situations, can cause changes in the cognitive, emotional and volitional behaviors of patients or “counseling clients” from the general population, in order to help them solve problems in school, work, life and health, so that they can better adapt to changes in the internal and external environment and maintain their mental and physical health. Psychotherapy can have an impact on intra-somatic processes. Because psychological and physical functions are two opposing aspects of the human life process. To some extent, psychotherapy and counseling overlap with each other and have similar purposes and mechanisms of helping people. The main difference between the two is that they have their own focus – psychotherapy is mainly for clinical patients, while counseling is mainly for general clients. However, sometimes it is not easy to distinguish between these two types of clients, as people with a clinical diagnosis may not consider themselves patients, while others may think they only need counseling. But in reality, they need intensive and systematic treatment. In addition, some schools of therapy believe that treating the client as a “patient” intensifies the attention to the pathology, reinforces the associated negative emotional experiences, chronicizes the pathology, and creates a so-called “labeling effect”, so the line between patient and client is intentionally blurred. Psychotherapy is more closely related to the social humanities than other medical techniques, and there are no universally accepted theorems or theories. Corsini refers to psychotherapy as “an art based on science”. Corsini refers to psychotherapy as an “art based on science”, meaning that it is neither a science nor an art in the general sense, but a creative activity with certain regularity to help people; in addition to its strong daily and secular nature because it is closely related to the lives of ordinary people and human nature. Its implementation must also conform to the norms of science (especially medicine, psychology, and language science) and social culture (mainly ethics and law). The origins and development of psychotherapy Psychological healing is the oldest method of healing, predating the birth of drugs and surgery. The use of psychological mechanisms for the treatment of diseases has its origins in witchcraft and various folk healing and fitness techniques. Most peoples, both ancient and modern, have such methods related to psychological influences and interpersonal manipulation, consciously or unconsciously using the laws of interaction between people, between psychological processes and between mind and body to achieve the purpose of getting rid of illness and health. Some traditional and folk therapies still have a certain influence and market in folklore, and sometimes they even become “popular therapies” that are influential in modern society. However, compared with modern psychotherapy based on psychological behavior science, these methods lack strict scientific observation and experimental basis, and the systematicity and rigor of the theory is insufficient; some methods have mysticism, supernatural overtones, or profit-making, missionary, association for clear utilitarian purposes, which can easily lead to serious side effects and social problems, and become harmful healing techniques. Third, the correct mastery and use of psychotherapy Initial contact with psychotherapy medical students often feel that this is a maze of people feel magical, but confusing, do not know where the entrance is, and not clear where to start; extreme attitude is to deny the value of psychotherapy, thinking that drugs, surgery is the treatment method with definite efficacy. The main reason for these two phenomena is the systematic training and practice license system that we do not have so far, the overall level of development is low, so that people on the one hand feel that psychotherapy is mysterious, on the other hand, they think that it is similar to the interpersonal help in the form of comfort, persuasion, lessons between friends, relatives, neighbors or superiors and subordinates, and even less effective than the popular therapies under the banner of various sciences or religions. Even in the modern society with advanced science, it is still not easy to identify various superstitious or pseudo-scientific healing and fitness techniques, especially to guard against modern witchcraft, deception and magic that abuse psychological mechanisms for deceptive persuasion and interpersonal control. Medical personnel to implement; 1, by personnel with socially recognized status and professional training; 2, in specialized medical and mental health institutions and places; 3, to help people and promote health, without harming the physical and mental health of patients and the interests of society; 4, to comply with technical norms and principles of defusion, and in accordance with the requirements of the law; 5, to master the indications and contraindications, and not abuse and misuse; 6, to the treatment 6, the process and its consequences can control, check, can be timely detection and treatment role, can be reasonable explanation, do not use supernatural theory. Types of psychotherapy (a) Classification according to the object of treatment 1. Individual therapy with a single patient or counselor as the object of psychotherapy. Most treatments or counseling take the form of one-on-one interviews between the therapist and the client. 2. Couples therapy or marital therapy treats both spouses as a unit. It can be considered as a form of family therapy. Focuses on dealing with various problems that affect the quality of marriage and cause psychological pain, such as couple relationship and sexual problems. 3.Family therapy: treatment with the family as the unit. The nuclear family is the most common and basic interpersonal unity, and this type of treatment mostly targets the nuclear family for intervention. However, due to the importance of interpersonal interaction, extended family members outside the nuclear family, and even people outside the family such as teachers and friends, are invited to participate in therapy when necessary. 4. Group therapy is a unit of treatment for multiple patients with similar problems or different disorders that have common indications for a particular therapy. In accordance with the systemic theory of “the whole is greater than the sum of the parts,” group therapy is not a simple addition of individual therapy, but, like family therapy, attaches importance to the “group psychodynamic” phenomenon that arises when group members form an interpersonal system, using interpersonal interaction to To eliminate pathology and promote health. (2) Classification by theoretical school of psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic techniques are based on theoretical assumptions about the etiology of disease. Unlike somatic diseases, there is no universally accepted theory on the psychological etiology of mental disorders, and it is still at the stage of “blind men feeling the elephant”. To date, there are more than 300 schools of psychotherapy, most of which can be integrated into the four main systems of psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, and systemic theory. In recent years, there has been a clear trend toward convergence among the various schools of thought, an emphasis on the basic mechanisms of action of psychotherapy, and a growing interest in basic techniques that are effective, broad-serving, and easy to implement. There are other ways to classify psychotherapy, for example, it can be divided into verbal and non-verbal techniques according to the use of language, the latter including music therapy, painting and sculpture therapy, psychodrama, and family statues; another example is that it can be divided into general supportive therapy, deep therapy, crisis intervention, and so on, according to the intensity, depth, and urgency of the intervention.