Thyroid nodules are common endocrine system diseases, mainly benign nodules and malignant nodules. Benign nodules basically have little effect on the body, while malignant nodules can endanger patients’ lives and require early intervention and treatment. The common diseases of thyroid nodules are: inflammatory nodules, thyroid cysts, nodular goiter, and malignant nodules. Inflammatory nodules may cause localized redness and pain. In severe cases, patients may develop signs of infection such as fever and chills, which can be treated with antibiotics. After the condition has healed, there is usually no effect on the body. Thyroid cysts are benign lesions, mainly cystic changes, with no secretory function. Only after the cysts are particularly large and compress the surrounding tissues, there will be some compression symptoms, and the patient may experience chest tightness and breath-holding, which can be treated by surgery. Nodular goiter is also a benign lesion category. Patients may have abnormal thyroid hormone secretion level, appearing hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism and other manifestations, which can be regulated by oral medication in the early stage, and surgery can be considered in the later stage. Malignant nodules must be treated in a timely manner, and surgery should be considered after the diagnosis of the disease has been made. In conclusion, it is important to treat thyroid nodules with caution when they appear, to review them regularly, and to treat nodules that require treatment as early as possible to avoid aggravation of the condition.