1. Diagnostic criteria for nephrotic syndrome: (1) urine protein greater than 3.5g/d (2) plasma albumin less than 30g/L (3) edema (4) elevated blood lipids. Among them, (1) (2) two are necessary for the diagnosis. 2, the diagnosis procedure of nephrotic syndrome: (1) confirm the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome. For a patient with urine protein, first determine whether it is nephrotic syndrome, 24h urine protein quantification, plasma albumin, blood lipids and other indicators can be checked. (2) Determine the cause of nephrotic syndrome. Secondary causes and hereditary diseases must be excluded to diagnose primary nephrotic syndrome, and renal biopsy should be performed to clarify the pathological diagnosis if available. In secondary nephropathy, purpura nephritis, lupus nephritis, hepatitis B-associated nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, renal amyloidosis and myelomeningocele nephropathy should be mainly excluded (3) determine the presence of complications. The complications of nephrotic syndrome mainly include infection, thrombosis, embolic complications, acute renal failure, protein and lipid metabolism disorders, etc. 3.The pathological types of nephrotic syndrome are microscopic lesion nephropathy, thylakoid proliferative glomerulonephritis, thylakoid capillary glomerulonephritis, membranous nephropathy, and focal stage glomerulosclerosis. This type is characterized by self-remission and recurrent attacks, and is prone to acute renal failure. It is sensitive to hormone therapy, but hormones do not alter the natural course of the disease and cannot prevent recurrence. According to statistics, thylakoid proliferative glomerulonephritis is the most common type of primary glomerular disease pathology in China. Patients with this type often have a history of antecedent upper respiratory tract infection in China, and about 70% to 90% of cases have hematuria, often microscopic hematuria, and this type has poor hormonal and immunosuppressive and therapeutic effects. This type is characterized clinically by nephrotic syndrome with hematuria, hypertension, and renal impairment, and is the only chronic nephritis with serum complement abnormalities in primary glomerular disease, the treatment of which has been a major problem in nephrology, and there is still no sure and safe treatment. Membranous nephropathy occurs mostly in adults and is characterized clinically by nephrotic syndrome, which can be divided into idiopathic membranous nephropathy and secondary membranous nephropathy, which has a slow and insidious onset, often without a history of antecedent infection, and is easily complicated by venous thromboembolism. Focal stage glomerulosclerosis can develop at all ages, mostly in children and adolescents, and there are no effective measures for the treatment of this type, mainly symptomatic treatment, prevention of near- and long-term complications of nephropathy, and delaying the rate of renal impairment.