Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) is performed by first placing a tube through a percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscope (PTCD), and then gradually replacing the sheath with a guidewire until the cholangioscope can pass through and reach the bile duct for examination and treatment. PTCS can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of biliary stones, biliary strictures (including bile-intestinal anastomotic strictures and atherogenic biliary strictures, etc.) and biliary tumors (stent implantation, etc.), especially for patients who cannot be treated by surgery or transoral endoscopy (ERCP), etc. PTCS can provide a new access route for patients.