Risk factors for osteoporosis are: 1. Uncontrollable factors: ethnicity (Caucasians and yellow people have a higher risk of osteoporosis than blacks), old age, female menopause, and maternal family history. 2, controllable factors: low body weight, low sex hormones, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, coffee and carbonated beverages, etc., lack of physical activity, dietary calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency (low light exposure or low intake), diseases affecting bone metabolism and the application of drugs affecting bone metabolism. (glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, heparin, anticonvulsants, anticancer drugs, aluminum-containing antacids, thyroid hormones, GnRH-a or dialysis solutions, etc.)