1. Adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D Adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D through the daily diet can safely and effectively reduce the risk of fracture. Controlled clinical trials have shown that supplementation with both calcium and vitamin D can reduce the risk of fracture. Low-fat balanced diets, fruits and vegetables provide calcium and a variety of nutrients. If dietary intake of calcium is not sufficient, daily calcium supplementation is recommended; daily calcium intake for adults over 50 years of age is approximately 600-700 mg (and may be lower in the national population). Increasing dietary intake is the preferred approach, in addition to taking calcium supplements. Vitamin D plays an important role in promoting calcium absorption, maintaining normal bone mass, improving muscle balance, and reducing the risk of falls. The Institute of Medicine recommends 800-1000 IU of vitamin D daily for adults over 50 years of age; the Institute of Medical Dietetics recommends 600 IU of vitamin D daily until age 70, increasing to 800 IU after age 70. fortified milk, saltwater fish, animal liver, calcium supplements and multivitamin tablets are rich in vitamin D. Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency: poor digestion, intestinal disease, chronic renal insufficiency, other chronic diseases and sun exposure. Insufficiency, other chronic diseases and insufficient sunlight exposure, etc. Vitamin D deficiency is more common in patients with osteoporosis, especially in the case of hip fractures. Vitamin D supplementation should be based on test results to select the appropriate dose, and serum 25(OH)D should be maintained at 30ng/ml (75nmol/L). 2. Weight bearing and muscle strength exercise Routine weight bearing and muscle strength exercise to reduce the risk of falls and fractures, while also increasing bone mass. The U.S. Institute of Medicine recommends physical activity for all ages to prevent osteoporosis and maintain physical health. Once you stop exercising, the benefits you gain will disappear. Weight-bearing exercises include walking, jogging, Tai Chi, stair climbing, and dancing. Muscle exercises include yoga, weight lifting, etc. Patients with osteoporosis should follow their doctor’s instructions when doing more intense physical exercise. 3. Stop smoking and alcohol abuse Smoking is not only harmful to health but also damages bone quality. The U.S. Institute of Medicine recommends quitting smoking as part of the prevention of osteoporosis. Moderate alcohol consumption can increase bone mass and reduce the risk of fractures in women after menopause. However, drinking more than two drinks a day for women and three drinks a day for men may damage bone health, increase the risk of falls, and have the potential to develop into alcoholism.