Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic bone disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass and destruction of the microstructure of bone, resulting in increased bone fragility, impaired strength, and increased risk of fracture. Osteoporosis is divided into three categories: primary, secondary and idiopathic. Primary osteoporosis is due to degenerative bone changes caused by menopause or old age; secondary osteoporosis is caused by certain diseases, medications, nutrition and activity abnormalities; idiopathic osteoporosis has unclear causes and occurs in children before pubertal development, while it can resolve on its own after puberty. The basic measures for the prevention and treatment strategy of osteoporosis include: eating a balanced diet containing calcium, low salt and moderate protein; paying attention to appropriate outdoor activities and regular exercise; avoiding smoking, alcohol abuse and cautious use of drugs that affect bone metabolism; and actively taking various measures to prevent falls. Currently, there are two major categories of drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis, including bisphosphonates, calcium, calcitonin, vitamin D and its derivatives, estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators. The other group is bone formation promoters, such as fluoride, anabolic steroids, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D and its derivatives, which have a biphasic effect of inhibiting bone resorption and promoting bone formation.