1.How to deal with swollen and painful calves in late stage of liver cancer The symptoms of late stage of primary liver cancer in the whole body include: digestive disorders, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension and other gastrointestinal symptoms. There are also fever, weakness, debility, progressive malnutrition and emaciation, and even cachexia can be formed. Due to the interference of endocrine and metabolism of the body by cancer tissue, some patients also show concomitant cancer syndrome, mainly hypoglycemia and erythrocytosis, occasionally hypercalcemia, hyperlipidemia, carcinoid and acanthosis nigricans. Therefore, when primary hepatocellular carcinoma is diagnosed as advanced stage, treatment of complications should be the main focus, and active treatment should be started from the underlying disease. First, the cause of calf swelling and pain should be clarified. If there is bone metastasis of liver cancer, palliative treatment, i.e. symptomatic treatment and pain relief treatment, should be taken. If it is not hepatocellular carcinoma bone metastasis, relevant examination should be perfected to exclude the possibility of lower limb thrombosis and lower limb degenerative disease, and symptomatic treatment should be given. In a word, maintenance and palliative treatment should be the main treatment in the late stage of primary liver cancer, and other treatment modalities should be considered under the condition that the vital indications and general physical condition allow. 2.How long can patients still live with advanced liver cancer pain? Cancer pain is a sensation caused by the transmission of information to the nerve center that the pain site needs to be repaired or regulated, which is one of the main causes of pain for patients with advanced cancer. The causes of cancer pain can be divided into three categories: pain directly caused by tumor, which accounts for about 88%; pain caused by cancer treatment, which accounts for about 11%; and pain indirectly caused by tumor, which accounts for about 1%. Advanced stage of primary liver cancer is divided into (1) progressive stage, which is more portal vein invasion on top of middle stage liver cancer, with local lymph node metastasis (N1), distant metastasis (M1), and disease score situation of 1-2; (2) terminal stage (D stage), where liver function presents Child-Pugh stage C, and disease situation >2 points. For patients with end-stage primary liver cancer, the expected survival period is no more than 6-12 months. 3.How to deal with fever and abdominal distension in advanced stage of liver cancer The symptoms of advanced stage of primary liver cancer in the whole body include: digestive disorders, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension and other gastrointestinal symptoms. There are also fever, weakness, debility, progressive malnutrition and emaciation, and even cachexia can be formed. Fever is mainly due to 1) rapid growth of malignant tumor and necrosis due to relative ischemia and hypoxia of tissues; 2) massive destruction of tumor cells caused by treatment and release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), resulting in body fever; 3) malignant tumor cells themselves may produce endogenous pyrogen, such as inflammatory reaction caused by leukocyte infiltration in tumor and immune reaction caused by release of antigenic substances in malignant tumor cells and fever. Abdominal distension is caused by huge tumor, ascites and liver dysfunction, which is obvious in the upper abdomen, especially in the afternoon and after eating. For patients with advanced primary liver cancer, conservative treatment should be the main treatment to reduce patients’ pain. Fever can be treated symptomatically by physical cooling and drug cooling. If abdominal distension makes it difficult to eat, treatment can be supplemented with albumin, reduce ascites exudation, protect liver function, etc. If necessary, artificial liver can be used. 4. A hepatic hemangioma with a diameter of about 2.1 cm was found on physical examination Hepatic hemangioma is one of the most common benign tumors of the liver, and its exact pathogenesis is still unclear. No malignant transformation has been reported so far, and it is generally believed to be a congenital vascular malformation lesion. The clinical diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma depends mainly on imaging because of its slow development, lack of characteristic clinical manifestations and lack of specificity in laboratory tests. Treatment of hepatic hemangioma should be based on individualized principles: 1) Hemangiomas that have been diagnosed and are asymptomatic, tumor <5 cm="">5 cm or exophytic type or multiple but located in one lobe or half of the liver can be selected for surgical resection. 5.What is the meaning of hepatocellular carcinoma differentiation grade 2 Grade I: The morphology of hepatocellular carcinoma cells is similar to that of normal hepatocytes, with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. The nucleus is round and regular. Nucleoli exist and nuclear division is low. The cells are arranged in the form of cords. Grade II: The morphology of hepatocellular carcinoma cells is close to that of normal hepatocytes with mild anisotropy, slightly basophilic cytoplasm, larger nuclei, increased nucleoplasm ratio, varying shades of staining, obvious nucleoli and increased nuclear divisions. Glandular vesicle structure is common, in which bile is visible. Grade III: Hepatoma cells have obvious heteromorphism, with prominent basophilic cytoplasm, large and irregular nuclei, coarse and uneven chromatin, and inconsistent staining, large nucleoli, many nuclear divisions, and a markedly increased nucleoplasmic ratio. Giant cells were more common, and bile was less frequent. Grade IV: The morphology of cancer cells is very variable, often with more spindle-shaped cells, less cytoplasm, large and irregular nuclei, different shades of coloring, inconspicuous nucleoli, significantly increased nucleoplasm ratio, disappearance of interstitial blood sinusoids, disorganized cell arrangement, and no certain structure. With the increase of grading, the malignancy of primary hepatocellular carcinoma increases. 6.Causes of cholecystitis and treatment and prognosis Sudden obstruction of stones in the gallbladder or embedded cystic duct is a common cause of acute cholecystitis. Torsion of the cystic duct, stenosis and obstruction by biliary ascaris or biliary tumors can also cause acute cholecystitis. In addition, during the aging process, the wall of the gallbladder gradually becomes hypertrophic or atrophied, and the contraction function is reduced, resulting in bile stagnation, concentration and formation of bile salts; the end of the common bile duct and the sphincter of Oddi become relaxed, making it easy for retrograde infection to occur. After obstruction of the cystic duct or gallbladder neck, the stagnant bile in the gallbladder concentrates and forms bile acid salts, which irritate the gallbladder mucosa and cause chemical cholecystitis (early stage); at the same time, bile retention increases the pressure in the gallbladder, and the swollen gallbladder firstly affects the venous and lymphatic reflux of the gallbladder wall, and the gallbladder becomes congested and edematous, and ischemic damage occurs in the gallbladder, which is prone to secondary bacterial infection and aggravates the process of cholecystitis. Actively prevent and treat bacterial infections and complications, pay attention to dietary hygiene; live in moderation, pay attention to the combination of work and rest, cold and temperature appropriate; this disease, if there are stones, or frequent attacks, can consider hand treatment; should choose low-fat meals to reduce bile secretion, reduce the burden on the gallbladder. Chronic cholecystitis is treated with choleretic drugs, such as 50% magnesium Cubate and dehydrocholic acid tablets; lithotripsy If cholesterol stones are the cause, lithotripsy with goose deoxycholic acid can be used. It is reported in the literature that the efficiency of lithotripsy can reach about 60%. After the course of treatment, it is still necessary to take maintenance amount to prevent recurrence. 7.Gallbladder polyp 0.8*0.9cm needs surgery Gallbladder polyp disease includes mucosal polyp-like hyperplasia caused by inflammation of gallbladder, polyp-like changes caused by degeneration of gallbladder mucosal cells, adenomatous polyp of gallbladder and polyp-like gallbladder cancer, etc. It is a common clinical gallbladder disease with high incidence, insidious disease, prolonged disease with the possibility of cancer, etc. It is occasionally detected during examination or physical examination of other liver and gallbladder lesions. It is occasionally detected during the examination of other hepatobiliary lesions or physical examination. Indications for surgery include: (1) single lesion, diameter >10mm, broad-based; (2) combined with cholecystitis and gallbladder stones; and (3) polyps with rapid growth rate in a short period of time. Considering these high-risk factors together, they can be used as indications for surgery. For multiple asymptomatic cholesterol polyps should be followed up by ultrasound regularly, and cholecystectomy should not be taken blindly. If the gallbladder polyp is 0.8x15px and no significant changes are seen within a few years, it can continue to be observed. If it grows faster in a short period of time, resection may be recommended.