Spontaneous pneumothorax is a common disease in thoracic surgery. Normally, there is no gas in the pleural cavity, only a small amount of lubricating fluid, and in the absence of definite (e.g., trauma, invasive operation, etc.) circumstances, if there is gas in the pleural cavity, it is called spontaneous pneumothorax. Spontaneous pneumothorax mostly occurs in young people with underlying lung pathology, such as patients with large pulmonary alveoli. The conventional treatment for pneumothorax is puncture and suction and closed drainage of the chest cavity, but it is prone to recurrence. The traditional surgery is open-heart surgery, which is a typical “big incision and small surgery”. Minimally invasive thoracoscopic surgery is the standard surgical procedure for most pneumothorax treatments, which only requires three “keyholes” in the hidden location of the lateral chest to complete the removal of large alveoli and repair of lung rupture, followed by pleural fixation to eliminate the recurrence of pneumothorax. The indications for surgery of pulmonary alveolar disease include the first attack of pneumothorax but one of the following: 1.persistent pneumothorax; 2.spontaneous pneumothorax with bilateral simultaneous or successive attacks; 3.patients of special types of work, patients in areas lacking basic medical rescue conditions; for athletes and university and high school students, the indications for surgery can be appropriately prevented; 4.spontaneous hemopneumothorax; 5.spontaneous tension pneumothorax.