In our ward, we often see children with small bodies but big heads, whose heads are obviously out of proportion to their bodies. It turns out that they have a disease called “congenital hydrocephalus”. The parents of the child said that at first they found that the child’s head circumference and fontanelle were very large, but later they gradually stopped crying, ate less, and even vomited sometimes, and their eyes looked downward and could not lift their eyes. Only after the examination by our neurosurgeon did we find out that the child had “congenital hydrocephalus”. Hydrocephalus is caused by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain or in the subarachnoid space within the skull due to impaired circulation and secretion and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid, and is often associated with increased intracranial pressure. Infantile hydrocephalus is a common type of hydrocephalus, mostly occurring in infants less than two years old. The causes are multiple, with congenital malformations such as stenosis and occlusion of the middle cerebral aqueduct, herniation of the inferior cerebellar tonsils, and closure of the middle or lateral foramen of the fourth ventricle as the main causes. Acquired lesions such as intracranial infection, hemorrhage, intracranial tumors, and trauma are also seen. Due to long-term increased ventricular pressure, the brain tissue is compressed and degenerative changes occur, which can seriously affect the child’s intellectual and height development. Congenital hydrocephalus in infants and young children mostly starts to increase in size a few weeks after birth, but there are also those whose skulls are enlarged at birth. Some parents think it is caused by calcium deficiency and give calcium treatment, which delays the child’s condition. If an infant has an enlarged and prominent skull, he or she should go to the hospital as soon as possible to see a doctor for a clear diagnosis so that early surgery can be performed to prevent brain tissue damage. It should be noted that some children, although their heads are not large, also have some symptoms, such as headache, vomiting, poor milk intake, lack of energy, etc., may also be hydrocephalus, and should also go to the hospital as soon as possible to seek medical attention from a specialist.