Routine tests for kidney disease: Routine urine tests: I. What is proteinuria: Daily urine protein consistently exceeding 150mg is called protein (Pro) urine. It can be divided into the following five categories: 1. Glomerular proteinuria: mostly due to damage to the glomerular filtration membrane. The protein in the original urine exceeds the renal tubular reabsorption function and is dominated by albumin with small molecular weight. 2, tubular proteinuria: In renal tubular disease, protein reabsorption is impaired. 3, overflow proteinuria: abnormal protein in the blood increases, and glomerular filtration cannot be fully reabsorbed by the renal tubules. It is seen in multiple myeloma, intravascular hemolytic disease, etc. 4. Secretory proteinuria: mainly increased excretion of IgA in the urine. It is seen in renal tubules stimulated by inflammation or drugs. 5.Tissue proteinuria: released after the tissue is damaged. Physiologic can be seen in: 1, postural (upright) proteinuria: more chance of occurrence when maintaining an upright or anteriorly convex spinal position; 2, functional proteinuria: including proteinuria caused by exercise, fever, excessive cold, excessive heat, sympathetic excitement, etc. Second, what is hematuria: more than 3 red blood cells per high magnification field in the sediment of routine urine examination is microscopic hematuria. In a normal person, the urine sediment count should be less than 500,000 red blood cells excreted in 12 hours. The appearance of urine is washed water-like blood with blood microscopic clots is called sarcoid hematuria. Causes of hematuria are as follows: 1, systemic diseases: including blood diseases (such as leukemia), infectious diseases (such as epidemic hemorrhagic fever), cardiovascular diseases (such as congestive heart failure), connective tissue diseases (such as systemic lupus erythematosus), drugs (such as sulfonamides, salicylates and anticoagulants), etc. 2, urinary tract adjacent organ disease: such as acute appendicitis, acute or chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, inflammation of the colon or rectal diverticulum, malignant tumors and other diseases invade or stimulate the urinary tract. 3, kidney and urinary tract diseases: various types of nephritis, renal basement membrane disease, pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney, renal prolapse, urinary tract stones, tuberculosis, tumors, and vascular lesions, etc. Third, what is tubular urine: normal urine is occasionally seen in transparent tubular, if the 12h urine sediment count tubular more than 5000, microscopic examination appears a large number or appear other types of tubular called tubular urine. It is advisable to collect early morning specimens for examination. If there is a cellular tubular pattern or more granular tubular pattern along with proteinuria, it is of greater clinical significance. The leukocytic tubular pattern is characteristic of active pyelonephritis, while the erythrocytic tubular pattern is commonly seen in the acute active phase of acute glomerulonephritis, and the epithelial cell tubular pattern is mainly seen in nephrotic syndrome; in renal failure, a wide and short tubular pattern formed in the collecting duct can be seen, called renal failure tubular pattern. Fourth, what is leukocyturia: generally in the urine sedimentation examination, leukocytes more than 5 / per high-powered view as abnormal, or fresh urine WBC count more than 400,000 for 1h and more than 1 million for 12h. It can occur in various inflammatory diseases of urinary organs and can be affected by adjacent tissues. Renal function measurements: Creatinine and urea nitrogen are mainly checked, and often abnormal renal function tests appear only in the late stages of kidney disease.